How Authors Think about Their Writing, Dictating, and Speaking

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Gould ◽  
Stephen J. Boies
Keyword(s):  
Common Assumption ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Time To Learn ◽  
Proof Editing

A recent study (Gould, 1978) showed that adults, after a few hours practice, dictate one-page letters of various complexities as well as they write them. This was true for time to compose and for quality of the resulting letters as judged by outside raters. These results are contrary to the common assumption that dictating requires a long time to learn. Why then do people not dictate more often? This study tested the hypothesis that authors just learning to dictate believe their written documents to be superior to their dictated documents. To test this, adult subjects, after being trained to dictate, composed letters of various complexities, sometimes writing them and sometimes dictating them. They were required to rate a letter's quality three times: immediately after composing it, after receiving it back from the typist and proof-editing it, and two weeks later. The results confirmed the hypothesis: subjects initially rated their written letters superior to their dictated letters, but subsequently both they and others (“recipients”) rated them as equivalent.

Some structures in teaching Solfeggio and Elementary Music Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 316-321
Author(s):  
Irina Markovna Severina
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elementary Music ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Logical Approach ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Time To Learn

The article is devoted to the most common structures of intervals and chords, which are studied in the course of elementary music theory and mastered in practice in solfeggio lessons. The author has repeatedly encountered the fact that certain structures are explained out of system, and, as a result, they do not linger in the memory of students for a long time. On the pages of many textbooks, it is possible to find more or less disparate information. However, according to the author, the issue is not only the textbooks, but also the common way of teaching, when one chord is studied separately without connection with the other chords and/or intervals, then another one, and so on. This presentation of information seems unproductive: sometimes even numerous repetitions do not save the situation, and the material does not always fit in the heads of even the most diligent students. The author of this publication demonstrates how to combine seemingly heterogeneous sound structures into two large blocks and fit simpler structures into more complex ones. The article also shows some patterns in the construction and resolution of intervals and chords. A systematic and logical approach to the study of sound structures is indispensable, especially in the case of low-performing students, who, in a short period of time, do not have time to learn the material from textbooks, even with a strong desire. In the end, the author comes to the conclusion that the main task of theoretical disciplines is to contribute to developing the ear for music, and not only to develop mathematical and logical thinking.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of the Policy to Bring Parity in Education between Dalit and non-Dalit in Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
Shurendra Ghimire ◽  
Keshab Singh Dhami
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Educational Quality ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Achievement Score ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Common ◽  
Culture Of Silence

This article by comparing achievement scores claims that Dalit is equal to non-Dalit despite millennium- long discriminations and suppression. The study was initiated with the common assumption of “the status of learning and learning supporting environment of Dalit students are lower than of the non-Dalit” because of their deprivation of social dignity and culture of silence, and economic poverty. Trends analysis of score across 2004, 2009, and 2015 of the students (N=440) in six different public schools in Gorkha district, and measuring the status of the learning environment- motivation, awareness, investment to education, and indiscrimination in school, for Dalit students (N=42) of three public schools at district headquarters of Gorkha who attempted SLC exam of 2016, through their self-rating on provided opinionnaire form suggest that learning environment for Dalit students is moderately supportive and they have made significant progress in education. Increasing in achievement score and enrollment of Dalit students despite no increase in the educational quality of public schools over 11 years indicates the effectiveness of policies formulated by the state to uplift Dalit in Nepal.

Improving Statistical Machine Translation by Adapting Translation Models to Translationese

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennadi Lembersky ◽  
Noam Ordan ◽  
Shuly Wintner
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Parallel Corpora ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Translation Systems ◽  
Parallel Texts

Translation models used for statistical machine translation are compiled from parallel corpora that are manually translated. The common assumption is that parallel texts are symmetrical: The direction of translation is deemed irrelevant and is consequently ignored. Much research in Translation Studies indicates that the direction of translation matters, however, as translated language (translationese) has many unique properties. It has already been shown that phrase tables constructed from parallel corpora translated in the same direction as the translation task outperform those constructed from corpora translated in the opposite direction. We reconfirm that this is indeed the case, but emphasize the importance of also using texts translated in the “wrong” direction. We take advantage of information pertaining to the direction of translation in constructing phrase tables by adapting the translation model to the special properties of translationese. We explore two adaptation techniques: First, we create a mixture model by interpolating phrase tables trained on texts translated in the “right” and the “wrong” directions. The weights for the interpolation are determined by minimizing perplexity. Second, we define entropy-based measures that estimate the correspondence of target-language phrases to translationese, thereby eliminating the need to annotate the parallel corpus with information pertaining to the direction of translation. We show that incorporating these measures as features in the phrase tables of statistical machine translation systems results in consistent, statistically significant improvement in the quality of the translation.

Do we owe a Duty to Future Generations to Preserve the Global Environment?

1990 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D’Amato
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Environmental Legacy ◽  
The One

A common assumption underlying nearly every book or essay on the global environment is that the present generation owes a duty to generations yet unborn to preserve the diversity and quality of our planet’s life-sustaining environmental resources. This duty is sometimes said to be an emerging norm of customary international law, including the more recently treaty-generated custom of the “common heritage of mankind.” Professor Edith Brown Weiss lists three different approaches one might take in response to an asserted environmental obligation to future generations: the “opulent” model, which denies any such obligation and permits present extravagance and waste; the “preservationist” model at the other extreme, which requires the present generation to make substantial sacrifices of denial so as to enhance the environmental legacy; and the “equality” model—favored by Professor Weiss—which says we owe to future generations a global environment in no worse condition than the one we enjoy.

scholarly journals Quality of Life: A Case Report of Bullying in the Workplace

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Shahtahmasebi
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Vice Chancellor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Line Manager

The literature on bullying in the workplace describes the mental and physical ill health suffered by the victims and their families as the consequences of the bullying. The literature also discusses methods of bullying such as overt and covert physical and psychological abuse. The implications are that the consequences of abuse go far beyond the intended target; from impact on the working environment to individuals’ health to economic and financial loss. The literature suggests various recommendations to employers and managers to combat bullying at work. However, the common assumption within the literature has been that the bullying is done by a colleague, a line manager, or middle manager. Furthermore, it is often assumed that the executive/vice-chancellor, human resources, the trustees, or the governing board are unaware of bullying in their workplace. In this article, it is argued that cases of bullying (whether due to isolated individuals, competition, rivalry, power, or pure meanness as is reported in the literature) can only thrive in a bullying management culture. Therefore, debate and policy formulation must be directed at government level in the first instance. The case report is intended to raise some relevant issues to stimulate a debate and more research in this area.

The Effect of Calcium Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Manganese Steels

2013 ◽  
Vol 668 ◽  
pp. 850-855
Author(s):  
Shan Chen ◽  
Xue Qun Chen ◽  
Lin Zheng ◽  
Guo Ming Li ◽  
Wan Shun Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Calcium Treatment ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Carbon Manganese Steels ◽  
Corrosion Behaviors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mn Steel ◽  
Manganese Steels

The metallurgy quality of the steel was improved greatly by calcium treatment which was a technique developed for a long time. The Mn steels treated with calcium, carbon-manganese steels and nickel-chromium steels were collected and their corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mn steel is lower than that of the Ni-Cr steel. The shape of the inclusions can be modified and quality of the steels can be enhanced by the calcium treatment, and the corrosion resistance of the steel treated with calcium is higher than that of the common carbon-Mn steel, and near to that of the NiCr steel.

scholarly journals THE TIME OF AUGMENTATION OF PROFESSORS

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Vincentas Lamanauskas
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Science Career ◽  
Scien Tists ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Level Of Motivation ◽  
Scientific Pedagogical

In recent years, there has been a lot of discussion about the quality of studies and, in general, about the education quality. This article deals with problems related to the quality of education and studies in higher schools i.e., universities and colleges. As we know, the quality of studies depends not only on level of motivation and cleverness of students, how well developed the infrastructure of institutions is and so on. Probably, even more, the quality of studies depends on scientific pedagogical personnel, the one, which directly determines the prepara-tion of a future student. However, it is impossible to neither increase nor grow up or expand artificially the quali-fication of the personnel. This depends on many things. It seems that those who form Lithuanian education poli-tics have chosen an easier way- have reduced already small qualification requirements. Of course, traditionally essential differences remain here among physical, biomedical, technology and humanitarian and social field scien-tists. For the former it is quite understandable that the results of education have to be announced in the top rated international educational publications. It seems to be general truth. It is natural that so-called minimal requirements for the scientists of these areas are considerably higher comparing to other scientific field representatives. The requirements are especially lessened for those who work in humanitarian and social science fields. International practice is rather varied. The common thing is that it is sought to maintain rather high but flexible requirements. International practice is not monolithic. It is determined by both settled traditions and other factors. However, Lithuania should not follow only formal attitude. For those who seek science career, universal-ly acknowledged standards and criteria have to be applied. Science, in some sense, has strong immunity, but in recent years, it has been rapidly weakened both inter-nally and externally. Of course, we have to believe, that universities will understand that it is firstly on them to save and strengthen both quality of activities and prestige and develop real but not demonstrated science. Europe “has been having a headache” for a long time thinking how to withstand ever - strengthening competition with such regions as North America (especially USA), South-east Asia and so on. Lithuania, artificially augmenting the number of professors, will not make improvements in the science itself. We will look better from the statistic point of view, but it will even more hinder any development of science in the country. Key words: quality of studies, requirements, qualification of the personnel.

HEALTHCARE CHALLENGES IN GILGIT BALTISTAN: THE WAY FORWARD

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116
Author(s):  
Amimah Fatima Asif
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gilgit Baltistan ◽  
And Child Health

Quality healthcare delivery is the bedrock to exponentially accelerate the development of a country. Unfortunately, in Pakistan healthcare has been neglected since a long time, with the common man bearing the brunt of this acute situation. There are critical challenges in health care, with paucity of trained human resource and deficit of regulated infrastructure and service delivery being the predominant dilemmas. Primary and secondary healthcare are in an unseemly state, to say the least. Maternal and child health care, accident, and emergency departments and mental health are among the most undermined and forsaken areas of healthcare, primarily in the far flung Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan. The only way forward is if the political regime, administration and the medical personnel work in concurrence to revise the health infrastructure of the country.

Tingkat Pemahaman Kompetensi Guru Pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi Sebagai Calon Guru Geografi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Novia Zalmita ◽  
Muhajirah Muhajirah ◽  
Abdul Wahab Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Prospective Teacher ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Geography Education ◽  
Teacher Competence ◽  
Education Department ◽  
Long Time

One that influences human resource indicators is education. The teacher is a profession as a job of academic specialization in a relatively long time in college. Understanding related to teacher competence is very important to have by a prospective teacher because it can affect the quality of performance as a professional teacher. The teacher's competence is known as pedagogic, professional, social and personality competencies. The issue in this study is how the competency of the teacher of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as a prospective teacher of geography? The purpose of this study was to determine the competence of teachers in the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah as prospective geography teachers. Quantitative description approach is used in this study to find answers to the issue. The population in this study were students of the Department of Geography Education FKIP Unsyiah class of 2015 and 2016 who had been declared to have passed the Micro Teaching and Magang Kependidikan 3 course totaling 50 people. Because the population is small and can be reached, the determination of the sample using total sampling techniques so that the sample in this study is the whole population. Data collection is done by distributing test questions to respondents. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics percentage formula. The results of the study indicate that the level of teacher competence of Geography Education Department students as prospective teachers is in the moderate category, namely as many as 22 respondents (44%). A total of 12 respondents (24%) were in the high category, 15 respondents (30%) were in the low category and 1 respondent (2%) were in the very low category.

Electrical Damage Due to Low Energy Plasma Processing of GaAs Structures

1991 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans P. Zappe ◽  
Gudrun Kaufel
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Electrical Behavior ◽  
Rapid Thermal Anneal ◽  
High Temperature Anneal ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Physical Plasma

ABSTRACTThe effect of numerous plasma reative ion etch and physical milling processes on the electrical behavior of GaAs bulk substrates has been investigated by means of electric microwave absorption. It was seen that plasma treatments at quite low energies may significantly affect the electrical quality of the etched semiconductor. Predominantly physical plasma etchants (Ar) were seen to create significant damage at very low energies. Chemical processes (involving Cl or F), while somewhat less pernicious, also gave rise to electrical substrate damage, the effect greater for hydrogenic ambients. Whereas rapid thermal anneal treatments tend to worsen the electrical integrity, some substrates respond positively to long-time high temperature anneal steps.

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