What do Fiscal Indicators of Fifteen Major States of India Reveal? 2005–2006 to 2013–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 45-66
Author(s):  
R. Mohan ◽  
N. Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Capital Outlay ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Better Than

The article examines the revenue and expenditure trends of 15 states of India during the period 2005–2006 to 2013–2014, by grouping them into high, middle and low income based on per capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). The analysis reveals that the middle-income states have performed better than the high- and low-income states in own tax effort, whereas low-income states are ahead of all states average in proportion of development expenditure to GSDP. The quality of fiscal deficit has improved, as a major part of it is capital outlay for 12 out of 15 states. Central grants and taxes have shown progressive trends with the degree of progressivity more in the latter. In devolution of resources to local self governments (LSGs), only 5 states are ahead of all states average. The association between development expenditure, own tax revenue effort, devolution of Central taxes and Central grants is positive and statistically significant.

scholarly journals Psychological interventions for bipolar disorder in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mekdes Demissie ◽  
Charlotte Hanlon ◽  
Rahel Birhane ◽  
Lauren Ng ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundAdjunctive psychological interventions for bipolar disorder have demonstrated better efficacy in preventing or delaying relapse and improving outcomes compared with pharmacotherapy alone.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of psychological interventions for bipolar disorder in low- and middle-income countries.MethodA systematic review was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane database for systematic review, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Latin America and Caribbean Center on Health Science Literature and African Journals Online databases with no restriction of language or year of publication. Methodological heterogeneity of studies precluded meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 18 adjunctive studies were identified: psychoeducation (n = 14), family intervention (n = 1), group cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) (n = 2) and group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (n = 1). In total, 16 of the 18 studies were from upper-middle-income countries and none from low-income countries. All used mental health specialists or experienced therapists to deliver the intervention. Most of the studies have moderately high risk of bias. Psychoeducation improved treatment adherence, knowledge of and attitudes towards bipolar disorder and quality of life, and led to decreased relapse rates and hospital admissions. Family psychoeducation prevented relapse, decreased hospital admissions and improved medication adherence. CBT reduced both depressive and manic symptoms. MBCT reduced emotional dysregulation.ConclusionsAdjunctive psychological interventions alongside pharmacotherapy appear to improve the clinical outcome and quality of life of people with bipolar disorder in middle-income countries. Further studies are required to investigate contextual adaptation and the role of non-specialists in the provision of psychological interventions to ensure scalability and the efficacy of these interventions in low-income country settings.Declaration of interestNone.

scholarly journals PACK Child: the development of a practical guide to extend the scope of integrated primary care for children and young adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (Suppl 5) ◽  
pp. e000957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandy Picken ◽  
Juliet Hannington ◽  
Lara Fairall ◽  
Tanya Doherty ◽  
Eric Bateman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Support Tool

Pioneering strategies like WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) have resulted in substantial progress in addressing infant and child mortality. However, large inequalities exist in access to and the quality of care provided in different regions of the world. In many low-income and middle-income countries, childhood mortality remains a major concern, and the needs of children present a large burden upon primary care services. The capacity of services and quality of care offered require greater support to address these needs and extend integrated curative and preventive care, specifically, for the well child, the child with a long-term health need and the child older than 5 years, not currently included in IMCI. In response to these needs, we have developed an innovative method, based on experience with a similar approach in adults, that expands the scope and reach of integrated management and training programmes for paediatric primary care. This paper describes the development and key features of the PACK Child clinical decision support tool for the care of children up to 13 years, and lessons learnt during its development.

Gross national income and antibiotic resistance in invasive isolates: analysis of the top-ranked antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the 2017 WHO priority list

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 3619-3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Savoldi ◽  
Elena Carrara ◽  
Beryl Primrose Gladstone ◽  
Anna Maria Azzini ◽  
Siri Göpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between country income status and national prevalence of invasive infections caused by the top-ranked bacteria on the WHO priority list: carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCR) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.; and MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VR E. faecium). Methods Active surveillance systems providing yearly prevalence data from 2012 onwards for the selected bacteria were included. The gross national income (GNI) per capita was used as the indicator for income status of each country and was log transformed to account for non-linearity. The association between antibiotic prevalence data and GNI per capita was investigated individually for each bacterium through linear regression. Results Surveillance data were available from 67 countries: 38 (57%) were high income, 16 (24%) upper-middle income, 11 (16%) lower-middle income and two (3%) low income countries. The regression showed significant inverse association (P<0.0001) between resistance prevalence of invasive infections and GNI per capita. The highest rate of increase per unit decrease in log GNI per capita was observed in 3GCR Klebsiella spp. (22.5%, 95% CI 18.2%–26.7%), CR Acinetobacter spp. (19.2% 95% CI 11.3%–27.1%) and 3GCR E. coli (15.3%, 95% CI 11.6%–19.1%). The rate of increase per unit decrease in log GNI per capita was lower in MRSA (9.5%, 95% CI 5.2%–13.7%). Conclusions The prevalence of invasive infections caused by the WHO top-ranked antibiotic-resistant bacteria is inversely associated with GNI per capita at the global level. Public health interventions designed to limit the burden of antimicrobial resistance should also consider determinants of poverty and inequality, especially in lower-middle income and low income countries.

scholarly journals Level of confidence in and endorsement of the health system among internet users in 12 low-income and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. e002205
Author(s):  
Sanam Roder-DeWan ◽  
Anna Gage ◽  
Lisa R Hirschhorn ◽  
Nana A Y Twum-Danso ◽  
Jerker Liljestrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Universal Health

IntroductionPeople’s confidence in and endorsement of the health system are key measures of system performance, yet are undermeasured in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We explored the prevalence and predictors of these measures in 12 countries.MethodsWe conducted an internet survey in Argentina, China, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Lebanon, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal and South Africa collecting demographics, ratings of quality, and confidence in and endorsement of the health system. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the association between confidence/endorsement and self-reported quality of recent healthcare.ResultsOf 13 489 respondents, 62% reported a health visit in the past year. Applying population weights, 32% of these users were very confident that they could receive effective care if they were to ‘become very sick tomorrow’; 30% endorsed the health system, that is, agreed that it ‘works pretty well and only needs minor changes’. Reporting high quality in the last visit was associated with 4.48 and 2.69 greater odds of confidence (95% CI 3.64 to 5.52) and endorsement (95% CI 2.33 to 3.11). Having health insurance was positively associated with confidence and endorsement (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.68, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.90 and AOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.48), while experiencing discrimination in healthcare was negatively associated (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.80 and AOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.76).ConclusionConfidence and endorsement of the health system were low across 12 LMICs. This may hinder efforts to gain support for universal health coverage. Positive patient experience was strongly associated with confidence in and endorsement of the health system.

Sustaining Long-Run Growth and Macroeconomic Stability in Low-Income Countries—The Role of Structural Transformation and Diversification

Policy Papers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Per Capita

Diversification and structural transformation play important roles in influencing the macroeconomic performance of low-income countries (LICs). Increases in income per capita at early stages of development are typically accompanied by a transformation in a country’s production and export structure. This can include diversification into new products and trading partners as well as increases in the quality of existing products.

scholarly journals Cost of scaling up mental healthcare in low-and middle-income countries

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (6) ◽  
pp. 528-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Chisholm ◽  
Crick Lund ◽  
Shekhar Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Psychosocial Treatment ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundNo systematic attempt has been made to calculate the costs of scaling up mental health services in low-and middle-income countries.AimsTo estimate the expenditures needed to scale up the delivery of an essential mental healthcare package over a 10-year period (2006–2015).MethodA core package was defined, comprising pharmacological and/or psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and hazardous alcohol use. Current service levels in 12 selected low-and middle-income countries were established using the WHO–AIMS assessment tool. Target-level resource needs were derived from published need assessments and economic evaluations.ResultsThe cost per capita of providing the core package attarget coverage levels (in US dollars) ranged from $1.85 to $2.60 per year in low-income countries and $3.20 to $6.25 per year in lower-middle-income countries, an additional annual investment of $0.18–0.55 per capita.ConclusionsAlthough significant new resources need to be invested, the absolute amount is not large when considered at the population level and against other health investment strategies.

scholarly journals Effects of Economic Growth, Trade Openness, and Urbanization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Ghana, 1960 to 2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forster Kwame Boateng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Per Capita

This paper examines the effects of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), trade openness, and urbanization on the total carbon dioxide emissions of Ghana using time-series annual data from 1960 to 2014. The 55-year period, from 1960 to 2014, covered economic transformation of Ghana from a low-income agrarian country to a lower-middle income country. The analysis used the autoregressive distributed lag method of co-integration. The results showed that per capita GDP, trade openness, and urbanization all significantly influenced both long-run and short-run levels of carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana. However, increased trade openness led to reduced total emissions, while rising per capita GDP and increased urbanization both increased total emissions albeit at different intensity levels.

scholarly journals Economic Performance and Competitiveness Indicators: The Case of African Economies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vít Pošta ◽  
Marta Nečadová
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents a statistical analysis of the relationship between economic performance and competitiveness indicators to address the question of the extent to which competitiveness indicators provideuseful information when assessing economic performance. The analysis was performed on various examples of African economies. The possible relationships between economic performance and competitiveness indicators were examined by extending a basic relationship between economic performance per capita and investment by competitiveness indicators. The models were estimated by means of an Arellano-Bond estimator. The authors detected many statistically significant relationships between economic performance and competitiveness indicators in the cases of both the whole sample and specifically middle-income economies. However, in the case of low-income economies there are no discernible relationships between economic performance and the information included in the competitiveness indicators. The paper contributes to the analysis of the economic performance of African economies, for which the empirical evaluation of possible links between economic performance and competitiveness indicators is altogether missing.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TIPOLOGI WILAYAH DALAM MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN MINAPOLITAN DI PROVINSI GORONTALO

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Taslim Arifin ◽  
Syahrial Nur Amri ◽  
Siti Hajar Suryawati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Income ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Typology Analysis ◽  
Development Center

Pengembangan wilayah dengan pendekatan minapolitan sebagai konsep pembangunan perikanan tidak bisa dilakukan secara parsial. Perikanan harus dibangun secara holisitik yaitu dengan membangun semua yang tersedia di perkotaan ke perdesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan pola pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah dan mengetahui potensi dan daya saing lokasi sebagai prioritas pusat pertumbuhan perikanan di Provinsi Gorontalo. Studi ini menggunakan analisis tipologi Klassen dan Shift-Share (S-S). Wilayah yang memiliki struktur ekonomi relatif baik adalah Kabupaten Pohuwato. Daerah ini memiliki PDRB perkapita di atas nilai provinsi namun pertumbuhan ekonomi masih dibawah provinsi (high income but low growth), atau termasuk kategori daerah maju tapi tertekan. Kabupaten Gorontalo, Boalemo dan Bone Bolango termasuk dalam kategori relatif tertinggal (low growth and low income). Kabupaten Boalemo, Pohuwato dan Bone Bolango memiliki pertumbuhan subsektor perikanan yang hampir sama yaitu 18,6%, 16,2% dan 12,7%. Kabupaten Gorontalo hanya bertumbuh sebesar 7,4%. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari produksi subsektor perikanan Kabupaten Gorontalo yang hanya memiliki share 8% terhadap produksi perikanan. Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada sektor perikanan, perlu memperhatikan hal-hal berikut: (a) menyediakan fasilitas publik, (b) pengembangan sektor perikanan secara terintegrasi, (c) pengembangan industri pengolahan hasil perikanan, (d) Pemda Kabupaten Boalemo dan Pohuwato, perlu melakukan tindakan pro aktif dan konstruktif untuk merangsang tumbuhnya minat penanaman modal disertai dengan peningkatan dan pembenahan kualitas SDM. Title: Regional Typhology Analysis for Developing of Minapolitan in the Gorontalo ProvinceRegional  development  by  using  Minapolitan  approach  is  as  a  fisheries  development  concept cannot be applied partially. Fisheries sector should be holistically developed by developing all of potency of rurals and urban areas. This study aims to: (1) understand the structure and pattern of regional economic growth, (2) find out the potency and competitiveness of the area as a priority for fisheries development center in Gorontalo Province. This study uses Klassen and Shift-Share (S-S) typology analysis. Finding of this study showed that has the better economic structure was Pohuwato Regency. This region has Gross Regional Domestic Bruto (GRDB) per capita above the provincial value. However, economic development is still below the provincial level (high income but low growth). It is categorized as developed region but they still under preasure of economy. Boalemo Regency, Pohuwato Regency and Bone Bolango Regency have almost equal fishery development value, which are 18.6%, 16.2% and 12.7% respectively. Gorontalo Regency is grow only 7.4 %. This is due to fisheries production in Gorontalo Regency is only share 8% of total fisheries production. In order to improve economic growth, is  fisheries  sector  need  to  pay  attention  to  several  important  points:  (a)  provide  public  facilities,  (b) development of an integrated fisheries sector, (c) development of processing industry, (d) Boalemo and Pohuwato regencies, need to tae action of pro-active and constructive to stimulate investor in improving quality of human resources.

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