The Conflation of Race and Propaganda in the Mobilization of Africans for the Second World War

The primary focus here is to accentuate the competing roles of race and propaganda in the enlistment of Africans and African Americans for the Second World War. Among other things, the discussion captures on the interwar years and emphasizes the subtleties of African American Pan-Africanist discourses as a counterweight to Black oppression encountered in the racialized spaces of Jim Crow America, colonized Africa, and the pugnacious infraction that was the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935–1936. Tying up the implications of these events into the broader global politics of 1939–1945 establishes the background in which the Allied Powers sought after Black people’s support in the war against the Axis Powers. Recalling that Italy’s fascist leader Benito Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 with poisonous gas while the League of Nations refused to act, points to the barefaced conflation of race and propaganda in the Great War and the centrality of African and African Diaspora exertions in the conflict.

The lost origins of Ireland’s involvement in Europe: the Irish response to the Briand Plan, 1929–30

Irish Historical Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021121400014863 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 32 (126) ◽

pp. 232-240

Author(s):

Till Geiger ◽

Michael Kennedy

Keyword(s):

European Economic Community ◽

Second World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Marshall Plan ◽

World War ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Primary Focus ◽

Historical Accounts ◽

In a collected volume assessing Ireland’s involvement in European integration Gearóid Mac Niocaill and Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh wrote that With the establishment of an Irish National State in 1922 the opportunities for expanding Irish links with Europe seemed greatly enhanced. It remained to be seen if these opportunities would be taken.However, Patrick Keatinge reminded readers of the same volume that ‘Up to the late 1950s Ireland’s diplomatic persona was only slightly “European”.’ Most Irish diplomatic historians would agree with this interpretation, arguing that Britain, the Commonwealth and the League of Nations remained the primary focus of Irish foreign policy in the inter-war period. Supporting Keatinge’s interpretation, the existing historical literature suggests that Irish diplomats were rather slow in renewing the perceived longstanding contacts with continental Europe before the Second World War. Indeed, Roy Foster has criticised the discursive claim of Ireland’s longstanding contacts with continental Europe, made by many Irish policy-makers at the time of Ireland’s entry into the European Economic Community in 1973, as a ‘grandiose self-delusion’. Most historical accounts, therefore, suggest that Ireland’s involvement in Europe tentatively started with the involvement in the Marshall Plan and participation in the Council of Europe.

Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat

New Global Studies ◽

10.1515/ngs-2018-0039 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 190-227 ◽

Author(s):

Torsten Kahlert

Keyword(s):

International Organizations ◽

Large Scale ◽

Second World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

World War ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Organizational Contexts ◽

Career Trajectories ◽

Second World ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis article investigates interwar internationalism from the perspective of the highest personnel of the first large-scale international administration, the League of Nations Secretariat. It applies a prosopographical approach in order to map out the development of the composition of the group of the section directors of the Secretariat over time in terms of its social and cultural characteristics and career trajectories. The analysis of gender, age, nationality, as well as educational and professional backgrounds and careers after their service for the League’s Secretariat gives insight on how this group changed over time and what it tells us about interwar internationalism. I have three key findings to offer in this article: First, the Secretariat was far from being a static organization. On the contrary, the Secretariat’s directors developed in three generations each with distinct characteristics. Second, my analysis demonstrates a clear trend towards professionalization and growing maturity of the administration over time. Third, the careers of the directors show a clear pattern of continuity across the Second World War and beyond. Even though the careers continued in different organizational contexts, the majority of the directors remained closely connected to the world of internationalism of the League, the UN world and its surrounding organizations. On a methodological level, the article offers an example of how prosopographical analysis can be used to study international organizations.

“The Dusky Doughboys”: Interaction between African American Soldiers and the Population of Northern Ireland during the Second World War

Journal of American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0021875812001764 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 1131-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

SIMON TOPPING

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

Jim Crow ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Northern Irish ◽

Black Soldiers ◽

American Military ◽

The People ◽

This article will examine the ways in which the people of Northern Ireland and African American troops stationed there during the Second World War reacted to each other. It will also consider the effect of institutional racism in the American military on this relationship, concluding that, for the most part, the population welcomed black soldiers and refused to endorse American racial attitudes or enforce Jim Crow segregation. This piece argues that, bearing in mind the latent racism of the time, the response of the Northern Irish to African Americans was essentially colour-blind, and this was true in both the Protestant and Catholic communities.

Creating a communist Yugoslavia in the Second World War

Balcanica ◽

10.2298/balc1748243n ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 243-267 ◽

Author(s):

Kosta Nikolic ◽

Ivana Dobrivojevic

Keyword(s):

Communist Party ◽

Second World War ◽

Legal Order ◽

Great War ◽

World War ◽

Historical Legacy ◽

Form Of Government ◽

Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽

The Great War ◽

The Second World War involved the conflict of three different ideologies - democracy, fascism and communism - an aspect in which it was different from the Great War. This ideological triangle led to various shifts in the positions, views, and alliances of each of the warring parties. Yugoslavia with its historical legacy could not avoid being torn by similar ideological conflicts. During the Second World War a brutal and exceptionally complex war was fought on its soil. The most important question studied in this paper concerns the foremost objective of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) - to carry out a violent change of the legal order and form of government of the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Part I Historical Overview, Ch.2 Intellectual Cooperation Organisation, Unesco, And The Culture Conventions

The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law ◽

10.1093/law/9780198859871.003.0002 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vrdoljak Ana Filipa ◽

Meskell Lynn

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Cultural Heritage ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Second World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Historical Overview ◽

World War ◽

Cultural Field ◽

Adoption And Implementation ◽

This chapter provides an overview of multilateral interventions in the field of cultural heritage and its legal protection over the last century by focusing on the work of specialist cultural international organizations that have spearheaded the adoption and implementation of the leading treaties. The first part examines the early work of the League of Nations’ Intellectual Cooperation Organisation from the 1920s to the Second World War. The second part considers the work of its successor, UNESCO from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. The concluding observations consider the challenges which both organizations faced in realizing their mission in the cultural field. A deeper understanding of the ideals, challenges, and tensions which have marked the internal workings of UNESCO, its forerunner, and their Members States is fundamental to appreciating the instruments and initiatives in the cultural field that they adopted and seek to implement.

A Purgatorial Flame: Seven British Writers in the Second World War, and: English Fiction and Drama of the Great War, 1918-39 (review)

MFS Modern Fiction Studies ◽

10.1353/mfs.0.0300 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 786-789

Author(s):

Joseph Heininger

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Second World War ◽

Great War ◽

World War ◽

The Great War ◽

Correction

International and Comparative Law Quarterly ◽

10.1093/iclqaj/16.1.287 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 287-287 ◽

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

World War ◽

Uniform Law ◽

The Hague ◽

The Law ◽

International Sale Of Goods ◽

A. Szakats, “The Influence of Commonwealth Law Principles on the Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods” (1966) I.C.L.Q. (July) 749–779.In the July issue of I.C.L.Q. on p. 749, note 6, and on p. 779, reference was made to the Donaldson Committee and it was quoted that in their view “there was no demand or need for any changes in the law as contained in the Sale of Goods Act.” As source, L. A. Ellwood, “The Hague Uniform Laws Governing the international Sale of Goods,” Some Comparative Aspects of the Law Relating to Sale of Goods, I.C.L.Q. Suppl. Publication No.9 (1964), pp. 38–42, was referred to. In fact no such comment was made by the Committee. The author expresses his regret for the error. [The Board of Trade point out that the passage cited by Dr. Szakats summarised the views of H.M. Government on the original Draft Law, which was issued through the League of Nations before the second World War. Editor]

2. Historical development and contemporary concerns

10.1093/actrade/9780198706168.003.0002 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Clapham

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Historical Development ◽

Second World War ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Universal Declaration ◽

General Assembly ◽

World War ◽

Un General Assembly ◽

The content of human rights is usually understood by reference to the legal catalogue of human rights we find developed through international texts. ‘Historical development and contemporary concerns’ examines the key text for human rights today—The Universal Declaration of Human Rights—adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly. Since that time many treaties and intergovernmental Declarations have supplemented this proclamation of rights. The treaties are best viewed as providing a framework against which we can legitimately judge the performance of governments. How did this human rights catalogue come about? What roles did the League of Nations and Second World War play?

‘Where are we going?’ International Relations and the voice from below

Review of International Studies ◽

10.1017/s0260210599001072 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 107-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

CHRISTOPHER HILL

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The People ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

The Masses ◽

The Great War ◽

The Voice ◽

They tell us that the Pharoahs built the pyramids. Well, the Pharoahs didn't lift their little fingers. The pyramids were built by thousands of anonymous slaves . . . and it's the same thing for the Second World War. There were masses of books on the subject. But what was the war like for those who lived it, who fought? I want to hear their stories.Writing about international relations is in part a history of writing about the people. The subject sprang from a desire to prevent the horrors of the Great War once again being visited upon the masses and since then some of its main themes have been international cooperation, decolonisation, poverty and development, and more recently issues of gender.

A Study of Bias in British and American History Textbooks

Bulletin of the British Association for American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0524500100001923 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 31-39 ◽

Author(s):

C. L. Mowat

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

American History ◽

The United States ◽

Second World War ◽

History Textbooks ◽

League Of Nations ◽

World War ◽

Council Of Europe ◽

The Subject ◽

The examination of historical works, and especially school textbooks on history, for evidence of national bias, is nothing new. Between the wars the focus was on British and German histories, which were an object of concern to the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. Since the Second World War the subject of national bias in historical works has been taken up by the Council of Europe and UNESCO. A recent study has been concerned with current British and American textbooks, which have been examined for evidences of bias against the United States and Britain respectively.