Does the Residential Landscape Contextualize Friendships? Examining the Causes and Consequences of Affiliating with Older Friends

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-611
Author(s):  
Alexis Yohros ◽  
Gregory M. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Mentoring Program ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Structural Disadvantage ◽  
Program Evaluations ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Network Composition

Objectives: Examine the relationships among structural disadvantage, friendship network age composition, and violent offending by investigating the contextual and individual etiology of affiliating with older friends and exploring the mechanisms that link friendship network age composition to violent offending. Method: Hierarchical linear models analyze 8,481 respondents distributed across 1,485 census tracts from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Social network data are used to construct a measure of the proportion of a respondent’s friendship network that is at least one grade older than the respondent. Results: Consistent with hypotheses, structural disadvantage increases affiliations with older friends, older friendship networks report higher levels of violence, and affiliating with older friends increases violence among respondents. Contrary to expectations, the influence of affiliating with older friends on respondent violence decreases, rather than increases, as levels of violence in the friendship network increase. Conclusions: The results shed light on the inextricable linkages among social context, friendship network composition, and sociobehavioral outcomes among youth. The findings inform peer mentoring program evaluations observing iatrogenic effects via peer deviancy.

scholarly journals Friendship network composition and subjective well-being

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefa Awaworyi Churchill ◽  
Russell Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Network Heterogeneity ◽  
Network Composition ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from the UK’s Community Life Survey, we present the first study to examine the relationship between heterogeneity in one’s friendship network and subjective well-being. We measure network heterogeneity by the extent to which one’s friends are similar to oneself with regard to ethnicity and religion. We find that people who have friendship networks with characteristics dissimilar to themselves have lower levels of subjective well-being. Specifically, our two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimates, using measures of ethnic and religious diversity based on the Herfindahl-type fractionalization index that are flipped between adjoining rural/urban areas as instruments, suggest that a standard deviation increase in the proportion of one’s friends from different ethnic (religious) groups is associated with a decrease of 0.276 (0.451) standard deviations in subjective well-being.

scholarly journals Peer Network Processes in Adolescents' Health Lifestyles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
jimi adams ◽  
Elizabeth Lawrence ◽  
Joshua Goode ◽  
David R. Schaefer ◽  
Stefanie Mollborn
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Health Lifestyles ◽  
Latent Class Analyses ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
And Behavior

Group-based lifestyles offer individuals a lens for making behavioral decisions. But how do lifestyles arise and change? We propose that friendship networks shape lifestyles, while simultaneously being a product of lifestyles. Combining theories of health lifestyles—interrelated health behaviors arising from group-based identities—with network and behavior change, we examined influence and selection processes between friendship networks and health lifestyles. We analyzed two high schools with longitudinal, complete friendship network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Latent class analyses characterized each school’s predominant health lifestyles based on several health behavior domains. School-specific stochastic actor-based models (SABMs) evaluated the bidirectional relationship between friendship networks and health lifestyles. Predominant lifestyles remained stable within schools over time, even as individuals transitioned between lifestyles. In both schools, friends displayed more similarity in health lifestyles than other peers, and this similarity resulted primarily from selection, but also from influence processes.

scholarly journals Describing associations between child maltreatment frequency and the frequency and timing of subsequent delinquent or criminal behaviors across development: variation by sex, sexual orientation, and race

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Lantos ◽  
Andra Wilkinson ◽  
Hannah Winslow ◽  
Tyler McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Criminal Behaviors

Abstract Background Child maltreatment has been linked to lower health, education, and income later in life, and is associated with increased engagement in delinquent or criminal behaviors. This paper explores trajectories of these behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood and tests maltreatment as a predictor, and whether observed patterns are consistent across different demographic groups. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents (in grades 7–12 in the 1994–95 school year), we ran linear mixed effects models to estimate growth curves of two dependent variables: violent and nonviolent offending behavior. We tested if maltreatment altered the intercept or slope of the curves and how the curves of these behaviors and the associations between them and maltreatment varied by sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Results The sample (n = 10,613) had equal proportions males and females, approximately one third identified as a race/ethnicity other than white, and over 10% were non-heterosexual. Experiences of maltreatment were highest for Native Americans and lowest for whites. Models indicated that males were more likely than females to engage in both violent and nonviolent offending and respondents who identified as non-heterosexual were more likely than their heterosexual peers to engage in nonviolent offending behavior. When maltreatment was included in models as a predictor, adolescents who experienced maltreatment had a more rapid increase in their non-violent offending behavior. For violent offending behavior, adolescents who experienced maltreatment had higher levels of offending and the levels progressively increased as maltreatment frequency did. Sex was a moderator; the relationship between maltreatment and predicted nonviolent offending was stronger for males than it was for females. Race/ethnicity and sexual orientation did not moderate the associations between maltreatment and offending behavior. Conclusions This study provides insights from a nationally representative sample into the pattern of both delinquent and criminal behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood, describing not only how the pattern varies over time, but also by sociodemographics and offending type. Additionally, it highlights how the association between maltreatment and these behaviors varies by both offending type and sex.

scholarly journals Giving syphilis and gonorrhea to friends: Using in-person friendship networks to find additional cases of gonorrhea and syphilis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Rosenbaum ◽  
Jacky Jennings ◽  
Jonathan Ellen ◽  
Laurel Borkovic ◽  
Jo-Ann Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Networks ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Background: Syphilis and gonorrhea reached an all-time high in 2018. The resurgence of syphilis and gonorrhea requires innovative methods of sexual contact tracing that encourage disclosure of same-sex sexual contacts that might otherwise be suppressed. Over 75% of Grindr mobile phone application users report seeking “friendship,” so this study asked people diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea to identify their friends.Methods: Patients at the two Baltimore sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics and the Baltimore City Health Department were asked 12 questions to elicit members of their friendship networks before eliciting sexual networks. The study included 353 index cases and 172 friendship contacts, yielding a friendship network of 331 non-isolates (n=331) and sexual-only network of 140 non-isolates. The data were plotted and analyzed using exponential family random graph analysis.Results: Eliciting respondents’ in-person social contacts yielded 12 syphilis cases and 6 gonorrhea cases in addition to the 16 syphilis cases and 4 gonorrhea cases that would have been found with sexual contacts alone. Syphilis is clustered within sexual (odds ratio=2.2, 95% confidence interval (1.36, 3.66)) and social contacts (OR=1.31, 95% CI (1.02, 1.68)). Gonorrhea is clustered within reported social (OR=1.56, 95% CI (1.22, 2.00)) but not sexual contacts (OR=0.98, 95% CI (0.62, 1.53)). Conclusions: Eliciting friendship networks of people diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea may find members of their sexual networks, drug use networks, or people of similar STI risk. Friendship networks include more diagnosed cases of syphilis and gonorrhea than sexual networks alone, especially among populations with many non-disclosing men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW). Future research should evaluate whether this friendship network method of contact tracing can be implemented by adapting automated mobile phone COVID-19 contact tracing protocols, if these COVID-19 contact tracing methods are able to maintain anonymity and public trust.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Social Networks Based on Prevailing Kinship Norms in the Mosuo of China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhán M. Mattison ◽  
Neil G. MacLaren ◽  
Ruizhe Liu ◽  
Adam Z. Reynolds ◽  
Peter M. Mattison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Gender Reversal ◽  
Flexible Application ◽  
Women's Networks

Although cooperative social networks are considered key to human evolution, emphasis has usually been placed on the functions of men’s cooperative networks. What do women's networks look like? Do they resemble or differ from men's and what does this suggest about evolutionarily inherited gender differences in reproductive and social strategies? In this paper, we test the ‘universal gender differences’ hypothesis positing gender-specific network structures against the ‘gender reversal’ hypothesis that posits women's networks looking more 'masculine' under matriliny. Specifically, we ask whether men's friendship networks are always larger than women's and we investigate measures of centrality by gender and descent system. To do so, we use tools from social network analysis and data on men’s and women’s friendship ties in matrilineal and patrilineal Mosuo communities. In tentative support of the gender reversal hypothesis, we find that women's friendship networks in matriliny are relatively large. Measures of centrality and generalized linear models otherwise reveal greater differences between communities than between men and women. The data and analyses we present are primarily descriptive given limitations of sample size and sampling strategy. Nonetheless, our results provide support for the flexible application of social relationships across genders and clearly challenge the predominant narrative of universal gender differences across space and time.

scholarly journals Giving syphilis and gonorrhea to friends: Using in-person friendship networks to find additional cases of gonorrhea and syphilis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Rosenbaum ◽  
Jacky Jennings ◽  
Jonathan Ellen ◽  
Laurel Borkovic ◽  
Jo-Ann Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sexual Networks ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Sexual Contacts

Abstract Background: Syphilis and gonorrhea reached an all-time high in 2018. The resurgence of syphilis and gonorrhea requires innovative methods of sexual contact tracing that encourage disclosure of same-sex sexual contacts that might otherwise be suppressed. Over 75% of Grindr mobile phone application users report seeking “friendship,” so this study asked people diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea to identify their friends. Methods: Patients at the two Baltimore sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics and the Baltimore City Health Department were asked 12 questions to elicit members of their friendship networks before eliciting sexual networks. The study included 353 index cases and 172 friendship contacts, yielding a friendship network of 331 non-isolates (n=331) and sexual-only network of 140 non-isolates. The data were plotted and analyzed using exponential family random graph analysis. Results: Eliciting respondents’ in-person social contacts yielded 12 syphilis cases and 6 gonorrhea cases in addition to the 16 syphilis cases and 4 gonorrhea cases that would have been found with sexual contacts alone. Syphilis is clustered within sexual (odds ratio=2.2, 95% confidence interval (1.36, 3.66)) and social contacts (OR=1.31, 95% CI (1.02, 1.68)). Gonorrhea is clustered within reported social (OR=1.56, 95% CI (1.22, 2.00)) but not sexual contacts (OR=0.98, 95% CI (0.62, 1.53)). Conclusions: Eliciting friendship networks of people diagnosed with syphilis and gonorrhea may find members of their sexual networks, drug use networks, or people of similar STI risk. Friendship networks include more diagnosed cases of syphilis and gonorrhea than sexual networks alone, especially among populations with many non-disclosing men who have sex with men (MSM) and women who have sex with women (WSW). Future research should evaluate whether this friendship network method of contact tracing can be implemented by adapting automated mobile phone COVID-19 contact tracing protocols, if these COVID-19 contact tracing methods are able to maintain anonymity and public trust.

scholarly journals Peer Network Processes in Adolescents’ Health Lifestyles

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652110543
Author(s):  
jimi adams ◽  
Elizabeth M. Lawrence ◽  
Joshua A. Goode ◽  
David R. Schaefer ◽  
Stefanie Mollborn
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Health Lifestyles ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Peer Network ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
And Behavior

Combining theories of health lifestyles—interrelated health behaviors arising from group-based identities—with those of network and behavior change, we investigated network characteristics of health lifestyles and the role of influence and selection processes underlying these characteristics. We examined these questions in two high schools using longitudinal, complete friendship network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Latent class analyses characterized each school’s predominant health lifestyles using several health behavior domains. School-specific stochastic actor-based models evaluated the bidirectional relationship between friendship networks and health lifestyles. Predominant lifestyles remained stable within schools over time, even as individuals transitioned between lifestyles. Friends displayed greater similarity in health lifestyles than nonfriend dyads. Similarities resulted primarily from teens’ selection of friends with similar lifestyles but also from teens influencing their peers’ lifestyles. This study demonstrates the salience of health lifestyles for adolescent development and friendship networks.

Interactive effects of personality and friendship networks on contextual performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Hua Lee ◽  
Lih-Shing Yang ◽  
Kuang Man Wan ◽  
Guan-Hong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Personality Characteristic ◽  
Contextual Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Organizational Science

In this research 505 valid questionnaires collected from 17 selected companies including nonprofit organizations, insurance companies, and manufacturing firms were used to gauge the normalized in-degree centrality of a friendship network. Social network analysis techniques were administered. The aim in this research was to present a model of how friendship networks and the personality characteristic of conscientiousness could intensify individual contextual performance of the employee. Theories and research investigations on different disciplines such as social and organizational science were integrated to develop the model. The results indicate that the interaction between conscientiousness and friendship networks explains a significant incremental amount of the variance in employee individual contextual performance.

scholarly journals Alcohol and sex: the influence of friendship networks on co-occurring risky health behaviors of U.S. adolescents

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwon Chan Jeon ◽  
Patricia Goodson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender

Background: U.S. adolescents face the reality that engaging in one risky health behavior facilitates co-occurring risky behaviors. Moreover, adolescents may change their behaviors to develop new friendships or to match the behavior of existing friends. These relationships among friends can lead to increase in risk-taking. Methods: Utilizing a nationally representative saturated sample (n=901) with friendship network data from two large schools in the Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study examined the influence of friendship network structure upon adolescents’ sexual intercourse and alcohol consumption in tandem. Results: Findings highlighted that, in one school, adolescents in denser and smaller friendship networks were at higher risk for engaging in sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol simultaneously. Additionally, in this school, network attributes (i.e., out-degree and betweeness) and adolescents’ age were associated with an increased risk of sexual intercourse and drinking behaviors. In the other school, more diffused friendship networks seemed to pose less risk of engaging in these two risk behaviors in tandem. Moreover, engagement in risky behaviors was significantly predicted by teens’ age and gender, but there were no effects of network attributes on adolescents’ risky behaviors. Conclusion: The influence of friendships on adolescents’ sexual intercourse and drinking alcohol may play out in different ways, depending on the size and composition of the friendship networks and adolescents’ characteristics. Therefore, structural features of friendship networks, such as denser and smaller networks, and characteristics of adolescents (i.e., age and gender) should be considered in developing intervention programs to reduce adolescents’ risky behaviors.

scholarly journals Peer effects and scholastic achievement: spatial models estimates using the student friendship network at the classroom level

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Isabel Pessoa de Arruda Raposo ◽  
Tatiane Almeida de Menezes ◽  
Ricardo Carvalho de Andrade Lima ◽  
Ricardo Zimmerle da Nóbrega
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Peer Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Friendship Network ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive Models ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Identification Strategy

This paper evaluates the peer effects on individual academic performance. The identification strategy considers the architecture of friendship networks within classrooms, in addition to group and individual fixed effects. Estimates of spatial autoregressive models show that an increase of one standard deviation (sd) in peers’ math grade improves by 6% sds the student’s grade. Furthermore, when we also consider the indirect friendship bonds, the aggregate peer impact raises to 45% sds of the individual math grade.

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