The “last railway mania”: The Light Railways Act of 1896 and local railway construction in Britain

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-253
Author(s):  
James Moore
Keyword(s):  
Large Network ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Railway Industry

The Light Railways Act of 1896 stimulated a new “railway mania” with many local lines being promoted across mainland Britain. Although designed to support transport links to remote agricultural districts and fishing ports, this article explores how the new Act was used to promote a wide range of rural, suburban and industrial railway schemes. It evaluates the nature of the new lines built and the constraints that they faced. Despite the initial “mania”, it is argued here that the legislation was not especially successful in encouraging the construction of a large network of new rural railways. The new Light Railway Commissioners were reluctant to sanction schemes that might provide competition with existing mainline railway companies and conservative interests in the railway industry were reluctant to make the radical changes necessary to substantially reduce the costs of railway construction and operation.

scholarly journals Complex networks for streamflow dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4565-4578 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sivakumar ◽  
F. M. Woldemeskel
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monthly Streamflow ◽  
Streamflow Data ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract. Streamflow modeling is an enormously challenging problem, due to the complex and nonlinear interactions between climate inputs and landscape characteristics over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. A basic idea in streamflow studies is to establish connections that generally exist, but attempts to identify such connections are largely dictated by the problem at hand and the system components in place. While numerous approaches have been proposed in the literature, our understanding of these connections remains far from adequate. The present study introduces the theory of networks, in particular complex networks, to examine the connections in streamflow dynamics, with a particular focus on spatial connections. Monthly streamflow data observed over a period of 52 years from a large network of 639 monitoring stations in the contiguous US are studied. The connections in this streamflow network are examined primarily using the concept of clustering coefficient, which is a measure of local density and quantifies the network's tendency to cluster. The clustering coefficient analysis is performed with several different threshold levels, which are based on correlations in streamflow data between the stations. The clustering coefficient values of the 639 stations are used to obtain important information about the connections in the network and their extent, similarity, and differences between stations/regions, and the influence of thresholds. The relationship of the clustering coefficient with the number of links/actual links in the network and the number of neighbors is also addressed. The results clearly indicate the usefulness of the network-based approach for examining connections in streamflow, with important implications for interpolation and extrapolation, classification of catchments, and predictions in ungaged basins.

Impact of Railway Traction Energy Consumption on the Design Scheme

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 3112-3117
Author(s):  
Fei Biao Bai ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Rong Hua Hou ◽  
Ge Fu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
Railway Traction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Energy Consumption Calculation

Facing the trend of energy crisis in the future, energy saving must start from aspects of the design. In China, the railway traction energy consumption is more than 80 per cent of energy consumption in the railway industry as a whole. First of all, this paper presents the energy consumption calculation of a single train, and analyzes the impact of energy consumption on the type of locomotive selection, then calculates total energy consumption and costs under the conditions of different ruling grades and route alternatives based on the life cycle of railway construction projects, which provides a scientific basis to determine the ruling grade and route alternatives. Finally, it illustrates an analysis of processes and methods of calculation through the Hainan West Ring Railway case.

Chaotic Balanced State in a Model of Cortical Circuits

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. van Vreeswijk ◽  
H. Sompolinsky
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

The nature and origin of the temporal irregularity in the electrical activity of cortical neurons in vivo are not well understood. We consider the hypothesis that this irregularity is due to a balance of excitatory and inhibitory currents into the cortical cells. We study a network model with excitatory and inhibitory populations of simple binary units. The internal feedback is mediated by relatively large synaptic strengths, so that the magnitude of the total excitatory and inhibitory feedback is much larger than the neuronal threshold. The connectivity is random and sparse. The mean number of connections per unit is large, though small compared to the total number of cells in the network. The network also receives a large, temporally regular input from external sources. We present an analytical solution of the mean-field theory of this model, which is exact in the limit of large network size. This theory reveals a new cooperative stationary state of large networks, which we term a balanced state. In this state, a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory inputs emerges dynamically for a wide range of parameters, resulting in a net input whose temporal fluctuations are of the same order as its mean. The internal synaptic inputs act as a strong negative feedback, which linearizes the population responses to the external drive despite the strong nonlinearity of the individual cells. This feedback also greatly stabilizes the system's state and enables it to track a time-dependent input on time scales much shorter than the time constant of a single cell. The spatiotemporal statistics of the balanced state are calculated. It is shown that the autocorrelations decay on a short time scale, yielding an approximate Poissonian temporal statistics. The activity levels of single cells are broadly distributed, and their distribution exhibits a skewed shape with a long power-law tail. The chaotic nature of the balanced state is revealed by showing that the evolution of the microscopic state of the network is extremely sensitive to small deviations in its initial conditions. The balanced state generated by the sparse, strong connections is an asynchronous chaotic state. It is accompanied by weak spatial cross-correlations, the strength of which vanishes in the limit of large network size. This is in contrast to the synchronized chaotic states exhibited by more conventional network models with high connectivity of weak synapses.

Trade business. Economics and management of retail chains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Cheglov
Keyword(s):  
Retail Trade ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Business Economics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Retail Chains ◽  
Retail Trading ◽  
State Educational

The textbook summarizes the author's twenty-year experience in such large network trading companies as Klass, PFC BIN, and X5 Retail Group. It is written in accordance with the curriculum and educational and methodological complex for the discipline "Economic activity of retail chains", which is part of the cycle of academic disciplines of the master's program "Organization and technology of trade business", direction "trade business". Covers a wide range of issues related to the theory and practice of network retail enterprises. Introduces readers to the forms of network business organization in retail, modern formats of retail trade, the organization of the trading process on the network principle and its features, current regulatory legal acts regulating the activities of network retail companies. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of economic and trade universities, students of universities and training centers of retail trading companies, managers engaged in retail.

scholarly journals Energy storage devices in electrified railway systems: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Kang Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Railway Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison

Abstract As a large energy consumer, the railway systems in many countries have been electrified gradually for the purposes of performance improvement and emission reduction. With the widespread utilization of energy-saving technologies such as regenerative braking techniques, and in support of the full electrification of railway systems in a wide range of application conditions, energy storage systems (ESSes) have come to play an essential role. In this paper, some recent developments in railway ESSes are reviewed and a comprehensive comparison is presented for various ESS technologies. The foremost functionalities of the railway ESSes are presented together with possible solutions proposed from the academic arena and current practice in the railway industry. In addition, the challenges and future trends of ESSes in the railway industry are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals DOUBLE CASCADE MODEL OF FINANCIAL CRISES

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (05) ◽  
pp. 1650041 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. HURD ◽  
DAVIDE CELLAI ◽  
SERGEY MELNIK ◽  
QUENTIN H. SHAO
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Asymptotic Formulas ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Financial Network ◽  
Fire Sales ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Risk Research ◽  
Asset Correlation

The scope of financial systemic risk research encompasses a wide range of interbank channels and effects, including asset correlation shocks, default contagion, illiquidity contagion, and asset fire sales. This paper introduces a financial network model that combines the default and liquidity stress mechanisms into a “double cascade mapping”. The progress and eventual result of the crisis is obtained by iterating this mapping to its fixed point. Unlike simpler models, this model can therefore quantify how illiquidity or default of one bank influences the overall level of liquidity stress and default in the system. Large-network asymptotic cascade mapping formulas are derived that can be used for efficient network computations of the double cascade. Numerical experiments then demonstrate that these asymptotic formulas agree qualitatively with Monte Carlo results for large finite networks, and quantitatively except when the initial system is placed in an exceptional “knife-edge” configuration. The experiments clearly support the main conclusion that when banks respond to liquidity stress by hoarding liquidity, then in the absence of asset fire sales, the level of defaults in a financial network is negatively related to the strength of bank liquidity hoarding and the eventual level of stress in the network.

scholarly journals Savva I. Mamontov on the Railway Industry in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 272-278
Author(s):  
Article Editorial
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Model ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Railway Construction ◽  
Railway Industry ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Business Journal ◽  
Construction Contracting

The article reprinted from the Zheleznodorozhnoe delo (Rail Business) journal published 110 years ago reviews in detail the content of the brochure «On Railway Industry in Russia» edited by Savva Mamontov, one of the richest, well-known businessmen and benefactors of his time, who had got direct experience of managing construction and operation of railways. The brochure exposed the opinion of Savva Mamontov regarding numerous advantages of private railway construction contracting and further operation based on, speaking modern language, private-public partnership. The described advantages comprised speed of construction, rational cost policy, etc. The reviewer while agreeing with S. Mamontov on some issues insisted on more profound study of possible changes in traditional model of private and public railways that existed in Russia.

scholarly journals Complex networks for streamflow dynamics

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 7255-7289 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sivakumar ◽  
F. M. Woldemeskel
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monthly Streamflow ◽  
Streamflow Data ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract. Streamflow modeling is an enormously challenging problem, due to the complex and nonlinear interactions between climate inputs and landscape characteristics over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. A basic idea in streamflow studies is to establish connections that generally exist, but attempts to identify such connections are largely dictated by the problem at hand and the system components in place. While numerous approaches have been proposed in the literature, our understanding of these connections remains far from adequate. The present study introduces the theory of networks, and in particular complex networks, to examine the connections in streamflow dynamics, with a particular focus on spatial connections. Monthly streamflow data observed over a period of 52 years from a large network of 639 monitoring stations in the contiguous United States are studied. The connections in this streamflow network are examined using the concept of clustering coefficient, which is a measure of local density and quantifies the network's tendency to cluster. The clustering coefficient analysis is performed with several different threshold levels, which are based on correlations in streamflow data between the stations. The clustering coefficient values of the 639 stations are used to obtain important information about the connections in the network and their extent, similarity and differences between stations/regions, and the influence of thresholds. The relationship of the clustering coefficient with the number of links/actual links in the network and the number of neighbors is also addressed. The results clearly indicate the usefulness of the network-based approach for examining connections in streamflow, with important implications for interpolation and extrapolation, classification of catchments, and predictions in ungaged basins.

Integrated System CFD Modelling of the Flow Distribution Within a Pebble Bed Modular Reactor

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Cfd Modelling ◽  
Pebble Bed ◽  
Wide Range

The complex hydrodynamic phenomena of a Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) are partly attributed to interconnecting flow paths. Modelling the hydrodynamic phenomena provides insight to the reactor over a wide range of operating conditions. The Systems Computational Fluid Dynamics (SCFD) approach combines the advantage of conventional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling in simulating the detailed flow interaction to the more robust solver applied in Flownex thermal-hydraulics software. Although this approach is inherently geometry-dependent, its application in a large network or complex model has seen a reduction in computational speed compared to the conventional CFD modelling approach, without compromising the integrity of the result. This expedites the design-analysis cycle and allows testing of a combination of design changes.

scholarly journals Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 483-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa Elsayed Ramadan ◽  
Ninuk Hariyani ◽  
Retno Indrawati ◽  
Rini Devijanti Ridwan ◽  
Indeswati Diyatri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Soft Tissue Inflammation

AbstractPeriodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.

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