scholarly journals An accident of history? How mopeds boosted Dutch cycling infrastructure (1950–1970)

2021 ◽  
pp. 002252662110119
Author(s):  
Henk-Jan Dekker
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Cycle Path

This article argues that mopeds played an ambivalent but ultimately positive role in the long-term success of Dutch cycling. Unlike in many other countries, Dutch cycling levels dropped but remained significant throughout the 1950s and 1960s, partly because cycling infrastructure continued to be constructed. One underexplored factor explaining this is the role of mopeds in the 1950s. The Netherlands constructed a significant network of cycle paths before the 1950s. When mopeds became popular, the existence of this network raised the question of where they should ride. Engineers and politicians classified mopeds as bicycles, assigning them to the cycle path. As a result, engineers decided to build more and wider cycle paths. Despite the danger and discomfort of sharing cycling paths, cyclists therefore also benefited in the long run from the decision to reframe cycle paths as cycle-and-moped paths.

scholarly journals Shades between Black and Green Investment: Balance or Imbalance?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5024
Author(s):  
 Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel ◽  
María Mar Miralles-Quirós ◽  
José Luis Miralles-Quirós
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Green Investment ◽  
Bounds Test

This paper analyses the links established between environmental indices and the oil price adopting a double perspective, long-term and short-term relationships. For that purpose, we employ the Bounds Test and bivariate conditional heteroscedasticity models. In the long run, the pattern of behaviour of environmental indices clearly differed from that of the oil prices, and it was not possible to identify cointegrating vectors. In the short-term, it was possible to conclude that, in contemporaneous terms, the variables studied tended to follow similar paths. When the lag of the oil price variable was considered, the impacts produced on the stock market sectors were partially of a negative nature, which allows us to suppose that this variable plays the role of a risk factor for environmental investment.

scholarly journals Ecofeminism and Natural Resource Management: Justice Delayed, Justice Denied

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7319
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Muhammad Khalid Anser ◽  
Khalid Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resource ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Women’S Autonomy ◽  
Ecological Footprints ◽  
Women's Autonomy ◽  
Resource Rents

Women have a right to excel in all spheres of activity. However, their roles are mainly confined in the resource extraction industry due to masculinity bias. African women are considered exemplary cases where women have low access to finance and economic opportunities to progress in the natural resource industry. This study examines the role of women’s autonomy in mineral resource extraction by controlling ecological footprints, financial development, environmental degradation, economic growth, and changes in the general price level in the Democratic Republic of the Congo data from 1975–2019. The autoregressive distributed lag estimates show that in the short-run, women’s autonomy decreases mineral resource rents; however, this result disappears in the long-run and the positive role of women’s autonomy in increasing resource capital is confirmed. Ecological footprints are in jeopardy from saving mineral resources both in the short- and long-term. Financial development negatively impacts mineral resource rents, while women’s access to finance supports the mineral resource agenda. The positive role of women in environmental protection has led to increased mineral resource rents in the short- and long-term. Women’s social and economic autonomy increases mineral resource rents in the short-term, while it has evaporated in the long-term. The Granger causality has confirmed the unidirectional linkages running from women’s green ecological footprints, access to finance, and women participating in environmental protection to mineral resource rents in a country. The variance decomposition analysis has shown that women’s economic autonomy and access to finance will exert more significant variance shocks to mineral resource rents over the next ten years’ period. The results conclude the positive role of women’s freedom in the mineral resource sustainability agenda. Thus, there is a high need to authorize women through access to finance and economic decisions to restore natural resource capital nationwide.

scholarly journals Reform in the international food aid regime: the role of consensual knowledge

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Food Imports

The principles and norms adopted by the regime governing food aid in the 1950s have changed substantially during the subsequent three decades. Explaining the changes necessarily includes analyzing the efforts of an international epistemic community consisting of economic development specialists, agricultural economists, and administrators of food aid. According to the initial regime principles, food aid should be provided from donors' own surplus stocks, should supplement the usual commercial food imports in recipient countries, should be given under short-term commitments sensitive to the political and economic goals of donors, and should directly feed hungry people. As a result of following these principles, the epistemic community and other critics argued, food aid often had the adverse effects of reducing local production of food in recipient countries and exacerbating rather than alleviating hunger. The epistemic community (1) developed and proposed ideas for more efficiently supplying food aid and avoiding “disincentive” effects and (2) pushed for reforms to make food aid serve as the basis for the recipients' economic development and to target it at addressing long-term food security problems. The ideas of the international epistemic community have increasingly received support from international organizations and the governments of donor and recipient nations. Most recently, they have led to revisions of the U.S. food aid program passed by Congress in October 1990 and signed into law two months later. As the analysis of food aid reform demonstrates, changes in the international regime have been incremental, rather than radical. Moreover, the locus for the change has shifted from an American-centered one in the 1950s to a more international one in recent decades.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

Neuroprotective Role of Nutritional Supplementation in Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Mishra ◽  
Vikram Jeet Singh ◽  
Pooja A Chawla ◽  
Viney Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Injury Recovery

Background: Neurodegenerative disorders belong to different classes of progressive/chronic conditions that affect the peripheral/central nervous system. It has been shown through studies that athletes who play sports involving repeated head trauma and sub-concussive impacts are more likely to experience neurological impairments and neurodegenerative disorders in the long run. Aims: The aim of the current narrative review article is to provide a summary of various nutraceuticals that offer promise in the prevention or management of sports-related injuries, especially concussions and mild traumatic brain injuries. Methods: This article reviews the various potential nutraceutical agents and their possible mechanisms in providing a beneficial effect in the injury recovery process. A thorough survey of the literature was carried out in the relevant databases to identify studies published in recent years. In the present article, we have also highlighted the major neurological disorders along with the associated nutraceutical(s) therapy in the management of disorders. Results: The exact pathological mechanism behind neurodegenerative conditions is complex as well as idiopathic. However, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress as well as intracellular calcium overload are some common reasons responsible for the progression of these neurodegenerative disorders. Owing to the multifaceted effects of nutraceuticals (complementary medicine), these supplements have gained importance as neuroprotective. These diet-based approaches inhibit different pathways in a physiological manner without eliciting adverse effects. Food habits and lifestyle of an individual also affect neurodegeneration. Conclusion: Studies have shown nutraceuticals (such as resveratrol, omega-3-fatty acids) to be efficacious in terms of their neuroprotection against several neurodegenerative disorders and to be used as supplements in the management of traumatic brain injuries. Protection prior to injuries is needed since concussions or sub-concussive impacts may trigger several pathophysiological responses or cascades that can lead to long-term complications associated with CNS. Thus, the use of nutraceuticals as prophylactic treatment for neurological interventions has been proposed.

scholarly journals The Long-term Effects of Instruction on EFL Learners' Use of Complaining Formulas

10.29007/5xsb ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Martínez-Flor ◽  
Esther Usó-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Over Time

Studies analysing the positive role of pragmatic instruction in formal settings have increased over the last decades. Within this area of interventional pragmatics, some studies have particularly examined whether the effectiveness of the instruction implemented is sustained over time. In order to shed more light on the long-term effects of instruction, this research investigates English as a Foreign Language learners’ use of complaining formulas not only after immediately receiving instruction, but also two months later. Results show that learners keep using a variety of appropriate complaining formulas two months after having participated in the instructional period. These findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested.

Gespreksvaardigheidsonderwijs in de Moderne Vreemde Talen in het Hoger Onderwijs, in het Bijzonder de Lerarenopleiding

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Gerard M.M. Willems
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Large Classes ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Conversational Skills ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The One

Foreign language conversational skills training is gradually becoming a debated issue in higher education foreign language departments in the Netherlands. Pressure on the student-staff ratio and, consequently, increasingly large classes raise questions with regard to the effectiveness of traditional methodology. In this paper an attempt is made to outline an approach which, in the long run, will considerably reduce staff-time investment and increasingly encourage student activity. The approach proposed is based on the one hand on recent insights into the role of the learner in his own learning process, and on the other on the hypothesis that languages are acquired first and foremost by conducting conversations (the 'Active Process Hypothesis'). On the whole, tertiary students in the Netherlands start their language study with sufficient linguistic skills in the target language to make such an approach feasible. The paper opens with a discussion of the what of communicative competence and proceeds to how it may be acquired. Discourse elicitation and subsequent analysis and the development of strategic competence in the broadest sense of the term play a central role in the methodology suggested. In conclusion, a practical example of the procedure advocated is presented by way of illustration.

Iterative processing of information during sleep may improve consolidation

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cipolli
Keyword(s):  
Dream Recall ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Iterative Processing ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between sleep and memory has been controversial since the 1950s. Studies on delayed dream recall and long-term retention of pre-sleep stimuli indicate that sleep may have a positive role in the consolidation of information. This positive indication counterbalances the negative one from the studies on the effects of REM deprivation.[Vertes & Eastman]

Long Term Follow-up of a Population of Low-Intermediate Risk Myelodisplastyc Syndrome Patients Treated with a Combination of Recombinant Erythropoietin, 13-Cis-Retinoic Acid and Dihydroxylated Vitamin D3 Confirms the Positive Role of Erythroid Response on Survival

Blood ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 116 (21) ◽  
pp. 4968-4968
Author(s):  
Dario Ferrero ◽  
Elena Crisà ◽  
Antonella Darbesio ◽  
Cristina Foli ◽  
Valentina Giai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Erythroid Response ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Abstract 4968 In our previous paper (Ferrero et al, BJH 2009) we reported the treatment of 63 MDS patients (median age 75, 16 RAEB1, 47 non RAEB) with a combination of human recombinant erythropoietin (alfa or beta epoetin, 30–80000 U/ week, median 65000U/week), 13-cis-retinoic acid (20 mg day) and dihydroxylated vitamin D3 (1 ug day). Eleven of the 16 RAEB1 patients also received intermittent, low dose of 6-thioguanine. In spite of adverse prognostic factors for response to erythropoietin (all patients with Hb <9.5 g/dl, 70% transfusion dependent, 51% IPSS intermediate 1 or 2) 64% of non RAEB and 50% of RAEB1 displayed an erythroid response according to Cheson et al (Blood 2006). At previous evaluation (41 months of follow-up) a survival advantage was evident for non RAEB patients with erythroid response. Now we updated the casistic after 3 years from the previous evaluation. Median follow up for alive patients is now 64 months (5 months - 12 years). Median duration of erythroid response is now increased to 25 (2-88+) months for non RAEB and 6 (2.5-34.5+) months for RAEB1, 32.5% of responses in non RAEB patients have lasted more than 3 years. Twenty-nine/46 non RAEB and 14/16 RAEB1 patients died, with a median survival respectively of 57 and 15 months. Acute myeloid leukemia evolution occurred to 10 patients (5 RAEB1 and 5 non RAEB patients). Although the erythroid response did not correlate with known risk factors such as IPSS score, caryotype and transfusion requirement, it confirmed its positive prognostic role for survival in non RAEB patients (p 0.04, HR 2.06): median survival 71.5 months (range 12–150+) for responders, 30.6 months (range 5–149) for non responders. A trend towards a better survival for responder was also observed among RAEB1 patients (median survival 17 months for responders, 10 months for non responders), however, due to the low numbers of patients in this group, the difference was not statistically significant, even if border line (p 0.052, HR 2.52). In conclusion our long term follow-up confirmed the positive role of our combined treatment for response duration and survival in a group of non RAEB patients, most of them with unfavorable prognostic features.Figure 1.Overall survival of myelodisplastyc patients according to erythroid response: A. Non-RAEB patients:“___” responsive patients, “—” not responsive patients (p 0.04, HR 2.06) B. RAEB patients: “___” responsive patients, “—” not responsive patients (p 0.05, HR 2.52)Figure 1. Overall survival of myelodisplastyc patients according to erythroid response: A. Non-RAEB patients:“___” responsive patients, “—” not responsive patients (p 0.04, HR 2.06) B. RAEB patients: “___” responsive patients, “—” not responsive patients (p 0.05, HR 2.52) Disclosures: Off Label Use: The use of 13-cis retinoic acid and 1; 25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in myelodisplastyc syndrome is off-label. In our study we used that drugs in combination with erythropoietin as differentiative agents.

Does slum formalisation without title provision stimulate housing improvement? A case of slum declaration in Pune, India

Urban Studies ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1715-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Tenure Security ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Slum Upgrading ◽  
Housing Materials ◽  
Housing Investments

Though previous studies have examined how formalising land tenure affects housing improvements in informal settlements, the role of tenure security and its long-term influence remain unclear. In response, this paper quantitatively examines the extent to which formalising land tenure by way of slum declaration has stimulated housing improvements during the last three decades in the slums of Pune, India. Since slum declaration guarantees residents occupancy but not full property rights, this study focuses on how tenure security contributes to housing outcomes, such as materials, size, the number of floors and the amount of money spent for the improvements. Using original household survey data, analysis involving propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods reveals that slum declaration has tripled a household’s likelihood of having added a second floor and, albeit less clear, increased the average amount of money spent on housing improvements. At the same time, slum declaration has not induced any improvement in housing materials, largely since many residents of non-formalised slums have also replaced materials. These results indicate that slum declaration, even in the long run, has continued to influence housing investments in Pune’s slums, in terms of both type and amount spent, though residents of non-formalised slums have also come to enjoy certain de facto tenure security. Among other implications for policy, these findings underscore that governments should at least provide legal assurance of occupancy rights in informal settlements, even if active interventions such as slum upgrading and titling are currently difficult.

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