Processing Relationships Between Language-Being-Spoken and Other Speech Dimensions in Monolingual and Bilingual Listeners

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-561
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Vaughn ◽  
Ann R. Bradlow
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speeded Classification

While indexical information is implicated in many levels of language processing, little is known about the internal structure of the system of indexical dimensions, particularly in bilinguals. A series of three experiments using the speeded classification paradigm investigated the relationship between various indexical and non-linguistic dimensions of speech in processing. Namely, we compared the relationship between a lesser-studied indexical dimension relevant to bilinguals, which language is being spoken (in these experiments, either Mandarin Chinese or English), with: talker identity (Experiment 1), talker gender (Experiment 2), and amplitude of speech (Experiment 3). Results demonstrate that language-being-spoken is integrated in processing with each of the other dimensions tested, and that these processing dependencies seem to be independent of listeners’ bilingual status or experience with the languages tested. Moreover, the data reveal processing interference asymmetries, suggesting a processing hierarchy for indexical, non-linguistic speech features.

scholarly journals Jovian seismology

1994 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 481-511
Author(s):  
Benoît Mosser
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interior Structure ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Thermodynamical Laws ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper reviews a new astrophysical subject: seismology of the giant planets. Seismology is dedicated to the sounding of the interior structure of any object; on the other hand, the interiors of the Jovian planets need to be constrained, in order to improve our knowledge of their structure and of their evolution, as well as the thermodynamical laws involved at high pressures and low temperatures. The relationship between Jovian seismology and, first, Jovian internal structure, and second, high pressure physics, is examined, in order to determine the task of “dioseismology”† in the next years. We present then the seismological theoretical approaches developped since the pionnering work of Vorontsov et al. (1976), who calculated the frequencies of the Jovian eigenmodes. We report the first observational attempts for the detection of the oscillations of Jupiter. We discuss the observational results and examine what can be done in the future.

scholarly journals Does headedness affect processing? A new look at the VO–OV contrast

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIEKO UENO ◽  
MARIA POLINSKY
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Word Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Corpus Studies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Compensatory Strategy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affect Processing

This paper examines the relationship between headedness and language processing and considers two strategies that potentially ease language comprehension and production. Both strategies allow a language to minimize the number of arguments in a given clause, either by reducing the number of overtly expressed arguments or by reducing the number of structurally required arguments. The first strategy consists of minimizing the number of overtly expressed arguments by using more pro-drop for two-place predicates (Pro-drop bias). According to the second strategy, a language gives preference to one-place predicates over two-place predicates, thus minimizing the number of structural arguments (Intransitive bias). In order to investigate these strategies, we conducted a series of comparative corpus studies of SVO and SOV languages. Study 1 examined written texts of various genres and children's utterances in English and Japanese, while Study 2 examined narrative stories in English, Spanish, Japanese, and Turkish. The results for these studies showed that pro-drop was uniformly more common with two-place predicates than with one-place predicates, regardless of the OV/VO distinction. Thus the Pro-drop bias emerges as a universal economy principle for making utterances shorter. On the other hand, SOV languages showed a much stronger Intransitive bias than SVO languages. This finding suggests that SOV word order with all the constituents explicitly expressed is potentially harder to process; the dominance of one-place predicates is therefore a compensatory strategy in order to reduce the number of preverbal arguments. The overall pattern of results suggests that human languages utilize both general (Pro-drop bias) and headedness-order-specific (Intransitive bias) strategies to facilitate processing. The results on headedness-order-specific strategies are consistent with other researchers' findings on differential processing in head-final and non-head-final languages, for example, Yamashita & Chang's (2001) ‘long-before-short’ parameterization.

Durational Patterns of Recurrent Multiword Combinations in Mandarin Spontaneous Speech Production

2020 ◽  
pp. 002383092096601
Author(s):  
Alvin C.-H. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Multiword Units ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Representative

This study examined the prosodic realization of recurrent multiword combinations (RMC) in Mandarin spontaneous speech production and asked (a) whether speakers produce RMCs differently compared to novel combinations, and (b) how the RMC durational patterns are connected to its distributional properties and constituent structures. RMCs were first defined based on their distributional criteria in a large representative corpus, and a subset of these RMCs used in a phone-aligned spontaneous speech corpus were identified for the analyses of the relationship between their duration on one end and their distributional statistics (RMC frequency and lexical associations in two directions) and constituent structures (projected constituent level and boundary) on the other. The results suggest that Mandarin speakers are sensitive to the multifaceted multiword distributional properties, which are mediated by the constituent structures of RMCs. We discuss how these distinct durational patterns contribute to our understanding of the pragmatic and interactional role of multiword units in language processing and development.

scholarly journals Independent Multisensory Integration and Crossmodal Attention Processing: Evidence from Audiovisual Gender Congruency Tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guochun Yang ◽  
Di Fu ◽  
Li Zhenghan ◽  
Haiyan Wu ◽  
Honghui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Congruency Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Classification Task ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Crossmodal Attention ◽  
Inverse Effectiveness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speeded Classification

Multisensory integration and crossmodal attention are two of the basic mechanisms in processing multisensory inputs, and they are usually mixed. Whether these two processes are dependent or independent remains controversial. To examine the relationship between multisensory integration and crossmodal attention, we adopted modified multilevel audiovisual gender judgment paradigms and evaluated the congruency effects in reaction time (RT) and the inverse effectiveness (IE) effects. If they were dependent, the occurrence of one effect would be accompanied with that of the other. Using both morphed faces and voices, we first performed a speeded classification task, in which participants were either asked to attend to faces (experiment 1a) or attend to voices (experiment 1b); then, we performed an unspeeded rating task with faces as the targets (experiment 2). We observed both a congruency effect in RT and an IE effect in experiment 1a, a congruency effect in RT alone in experiment 1b, and an IE effect alone in experiment 2. These results indicate that the two processes are independent of each other.

scholarly journals What's the smallest part of spinach? A new experimental approach to the count/mass distinction

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Sea Hee Choi ◽  
Tania Ionin
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports on a study that uses a novel methodology, the minimal part identification task, in order to probe the relationship between morphosyntax and interpretation. English, Korean and Mandarin Chinese differ from one another with regard to the count/mass distinction. Building on prior research but using a new methodology, this study examines whether speakers of these three languages also differ in how they interpret count vs. mass nouns. The findings, while uncovering some language-specific effects of morphosyntax, point to the importance of universality, and suggest that interpretation drives morphosyntax rather than the other way around.

The Relationship Between Suicidal Thinking and Dating Violence in a Sample of Adolescent Abortion Patients

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen E. Ely ◽  
William R. Nugent ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Mholi Vimbba
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Adolescent Dating Violence ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
Suicidal Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The relationship between suicidal thinking and adolescent dating violence has not been previously explored in a sample of adolescent abortion patients. Aims: This paper highlights a study where the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking was examined in a sample of 120 young women ages 14–21 seeking to terminate an unintended pregnancy. Methods: The Multidimensional Adolescent Assessment Scale and the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Scale was used to gather information about psychosocial problems and dating violence so that the relationship between the two problems could be examined, while controlling for the other psychosocial problems. Results: The results suggest that dating violence was related to severity of suicidal thinking, and that the magnitude of this relationship was moderated by the severity of problems with aggression. Conclusions: Specifically, as the severity of participant’s general problems with aggression increased, the magnitude of the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking increased. Limitations of the study and implications for practice are discussed.

Emotional Impact Feedback Changes How We Remember Negative Autobiographical Experiences

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Over Time

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.

Haematocrit: Relationships with Blood Lipids, Blood Pressure and other Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 058-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goya Wannamethee ◽  
A Gerald Shaper
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between haematocrit and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure and blood lipids, has been examined in detail in a large prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. The analyses are restricted to the 5494 men free of any evidence of ischaemic heart disease at screening.Smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake and lung function (FEV1) were factors strongly associated with haematocrit levels independent of each other. Age showed a significant but small independent association with haematocrit. Non-manual workers had slightly higher haematocrit levels than manual workers; this difference increased considerably and became significant after adjustment for the other risk factors. Diabetics showed significantly lower levels of haematocrit than non-diabetics. In the univariate analysis, haematocrit was significantly associated with total serum protein (r = 0*18), cholesterol (r = 0.16), triglyceride (r = 0.15), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.17) and heart rate (r = 0.14); all at p <0.0001. A weaker but significant association was seen with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.09, p <0.001). These relationships remained significant even after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, lung function, presence of diabetes, social class and for each of the other biological variables; the relationship with systolic blood pressure was considerably weakened. No association was seen with blood glucose and HDL-cholesterol. This study has shown significant associations between several lifestyle characteristics and the haematocrit and supports the findings of a significant relationship between the haematocrit and blood lipids and blood pressure. It emphasises the role of the haematocrit in assessing the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in individuals, and the need to take haematocrit levels into account in determining the importance of other cardiovascular risk factors.

Structuralism as a Pamphlet (On the Book by E. Reinert “How Rich CountriesGot Rich... And Why Poor Countries Stay Poor”. 2nd ed.)

2014 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
P. Orekhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Static Theory ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Relationship

The review outlines the connection between E. Reinert’s book and the tradition of structural analysis. The latter allows for the heterogeneity of industries and sectors of the economy, as well as for the effects of increasing and decreasing returns. Unlike the static theory of international trade inherited from the Ricardian analysis of comparative advantage, this approach helps identify the relationship between trade, production, income and population growth. Reinert rehabilitates the “other canon” of economic theory associated with the mercantilist tradition, F. Liszt and the German historical school, as well as a reconside ration of A. Marshall’s analysis of increasing returns. Empirical illustrations given in the book reveal clear parallels with the path of Russian socio-economic development in the last twenty years.

Dış Göç Romanlarında Temel İzlekler

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-317
Author(s):  
Burak Çavuş
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Guest Worker ◽  
Migration Literature ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
The Relationship

Bu çalışmada, 1960-1990 yılları arasında yayınlanan ve Avrupa’ya işçi göçünü konu edinen romanlar izleksel bağlamda incelenmiştir. Romanlardaki temel izlekler çerçevesinde göç süreci irdelenmiş, inceleme, göçmenlerin tanımlanmasında ve adlandırılmasında kullanılan Gastarbeiter (konuk işçi) Auslander (yabancı) kavramları ve Almanlar tarafından Türk kimliğine atfedilen çağrışımlar üzerinden yürütülmüştür. Göçmenlere yönelik politikalarda ve yaklaşımlarda onların nasıl tanımlandığının etkili olduğuna ve yazınsal süreçte de bu politika ve yaklaşımların belirleyici olduğu savından hareket edilmiştir. Bu noktada adlandırmaların, tanımlamaların göç olayı çerçevesinde biz ve öteki ilişkisi üzerindeki etkisine odaklanılmış; toplum ve yazın ilişkisi temelinde incelenen romanlar üzerinden göç ve göçmenlik meselesine dair çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Bunlar arasında, ayrımcılık, kötü çalışma koşulları, hak ihlalleri, ırkçılık ve ötekileştirme gibi başat sorunların bu eserlerde merkezi konumda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Böylece çalışmanın amacı olan göç yazınını oluşturan temel izleklere ulaşılmış; sosyolojik ve tarihsel gerçekliğin yazınsal gerçekliğe aktarılmasında etkili olan unsurlar ön plana çıkarılmıştır. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Main Patterns in Migration Novels In this study, the novels published between 1960-1990 and dealing with the migration of workers to Europe were examined in a contextual context. The process of immigration has been examined within the framework of the basic lines in the novels, through the concepts of Gastarbeiter (guest worker), Auslander (foreigner) used in the identification and naming of immigrants and connotations attributed to Turkish identity was conducted. The argument is that how they are defined is effective in policies and approaches towards immigrants and that these policies and approaches are determinative in the literary process. At this point, the effect of naming definitions on us and the other relationship within the framework of migration has been focused; there are inferences about the issue of migration and immigration through the novels examined on the basis of the relationship between society and literature. Among these, it has been determined that dominant problems such as discrimination, poor working violations, racism and marginalization are central to these works. Thus, the basic themes that constitute the migration literature, which is the aim of the study have been reached and the factors that are effective in transferring the sociological and historical reality have been brought the fore.

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