scholarly journals Passivizability of Idioms: Has the Wrong Tree Been Barked Up?

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Kyriacou ◽  
Kathy Conklin ◽  
Dominic Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Figurative Interpretation

A growing number of studies support the partial compositionality of idiomatic phrases, while idioms are thought to vary in their syntactic flexibility. Some idioms, like kick the bucket, have been classified as inflexible and incapable of being passivized without losing their figurative interpretation (i.e., the bucket was kicked ≠ died). Crucially, this has never been substantiated by empirical findings. In the current study, we used eye-tracking to examine whether the passive forms of (flexible and inflexible) idioms retain or lose their figurative meaning. Active and passivized idioms ( he kicked the bucket/the bucket was kicked) and incongruous active and passive control phrases (he kicked the apple/the apple was kicked) were inserted in sentences biasing the figurative meaning of the respective idiom ( die). Active idioms served as a baseline. We hypothesized that if passivized idioms retain their figurative meaning ( the bucket was kicked = died), they should be processed more efficiently than the control phrases, since their figurative meaning would be congruous in the context. If, on the other hand, passivized idioms lose their figurative interpretation ( the bucket was kicked = the pail was kicked), then their meaning should be just as incongruous as that of both control phrases, in which case we would expect no difference in their processing. Eye movement patterns demonstrated a processing advantage for passivized idioms (flexible and inflexible) over control phrases, thus indicating that their figurative meaning was not compromised. These findings challenge classifications of idiom flexibility and highlight the creative nature of language.

scholarly journals Eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM) with co-clustering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet H. Hsiao ◽  
Hui Lan ◽  
Yueyuan Zheng ◽  
Antoni B. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Hidden Markov Models ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis

AbstractThe eye movement analysis with hidden Markov models (EMHMM) method provides quantitative measures of individual differences in eye-movement pattern. However, it is limited to tasks where stimuli have the same feature layout (e.g., faces). Here we proposed to combine EMHMM with the data mining technique co-clustering to discover participant groups with consistent eye-movement patterns across stimuli for tasks involving stimuli with different feature layouts. Through applying this method to eye movements in scene perception, we discovered explorative (switching between the foreground and background information or different regions of interest) and focused (mainly looking at the foreground with less switching) eye-movement patterns among Asian participants. Higher similarity to the explorative pattern predicted better foreground object recognition performance, whereas higher similarity to the focused pattern was associated with better feature integration in the flanker task. These results have important implications for using eye tracking as a window into individual differences in cognitive abilities and styles. Thus, EMHMM with co-clustering provides quantitative assessments on eye-movement patterns across stimuli and tasks. It can be applied to many other real-life visual tasks, making a significant impact on the use of eye tracking to study cognitive behavior across disciplines.

scholarly journals Eye Tracker for Password Authentication

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 1727-1733
Author(s):  
Archana M Barki
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Eye Detection ◽  
Password Authentication ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Single Frame ◽  
Other Hand

In today’s quickly expanding digital environment, security is one of the most important worries that everyone has. Personal Identification Numbers, or PINs, are used to address security issues. Password authentication with PINs, on the other hand, requires clients to physically enter the password, which can be cracked via heat monitoring or thermal tracking. Hands-off gaze-based password or PIN entering techniques used in password or PIN authentication leave no physical traces and so provide the highest level of security for the password or pin entry. Gaze-based authentication entails tracking the eye center and examining the client's gazes for password entering and finding the position of eyeballs across sequential frames of the image. The term "eye detection" refers to the detection of eye characteristics in a single frame. The method of measuring and correlating the positions and movements of the eyes is known as eye-tracking. Blinking ratio of the eye is used for entering the password which will then be compared with the original password for authentication process.

Differences in the Perceptual Processes Behind Shading and Achromatic Color Responses on the Rorschach

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Achromatic Color ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Main Effect

Abstract. Differences in perceptional processes between shading responses and achromatic-color responses were examined by comparing eye movements. The following hypotheses were tested. Hypothesis 1: Shading responses, compared to non-shading responses, would show an increased fixation time directed at the inside of the area of shading stimuli and a decreased fixation time directed at the outline. Hypothesis 2: The differences in fixation times proposed in Hypothesis 1 would not be observed between achromatic-color responses and non-achromatic-color responses. Eye movement data of 60 responses produced for the W in Card IV and D1 in Card VI were analyzed. The results indicated that shading responses had significantly longer fixation times directed at the inner area and significantly shorter fixation times directed at the outline, compared to non-shading responses. On the other hand, achromatic-color responses did not show a significant main effect or interaction. The above results supported Hypotheses 1 and 2.

THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING INSTRUCTION AND TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION ON L2 ONLINE PROCESSING OF THE CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN FRENCH

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wynne Wong ◽  
Kiwako Ito
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Group Process ◽  
Traditional Instruction ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Processing Instruction ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Correct Picture ◽  
Causative Construction

AbstractWhile previous research has shown that processing instruction (PI) can more effectively facilitate the acquisition of target structures than traditional drill practice, the processing mechanism of PI has not been adequately examined because most assessment tasks have been offline. Using eye-tracking, this two-experiment study compared changes in processing patterns between two types of training: PI and traditional instruction (TI) on intermediate-level L2 learners’ acquisition of the French causative. Both experiments used a pretraining/posttraining design involving a dichotomous scene selection eye-tracking task to measure eye-movement patterns and accuracy in picture selection while participants processed auditory sentences. Neither group received explicit information (EI) in Experiment 1 while both experimental groups in Experiment 2 received EI before processing sentences. Results of Experiment 1 revealed the PI group had significantly higher accuracy scores than the TI group. A change in eye-movement pattern was also observed after training for the PI group but not for the TI group. In Experiment 2, when both groups received EI, PI subjects were again significantly more accurate than TI subjects, but both groups’ accuracy scores were not reliably higher than subjects in the PI and TI groups in Experiment 1 who did not receive EI. Eye-movement patterns in Experiment 2 showed that both TI and PI started to shift their gaze to the correct picture at the same point as PI subjects did in Experiment 1. This suggests that EI helped the TI group start entertaining the correct picture as a possible response sooner but the EI did not help the PI group process the target structure sooner than the TI group.

scholarly journals Tracking Decision Makers under Uncertainty

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 68-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Arieli ◽  
Yaniv Ben-Ami ◽  
Ariel Rubinstein
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Deliberation Process

Eye tracking is used to investigate the procedures that participants employ in choosing between two lotteries. Eye movement patterns in problems where the deliberation process is clearly identified are used to substantiate an interpretation of the results. The data provide little support for the hypothesis that decision makers rely exclusively upon an expected utility type of calculation. Instead eye patterns indicate that decision makers often compare prizes and probabilities separately. This is particularly true when the multiplication of sums and probabilities is laborious to compute. (JEL D81, D87)

Influences of NREM sleep on activity of palatoglossus and levator palatini muscles in normal men

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Tangel ◽  
W. S. Mezzanotte ◽  
D. P. White
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Normal Men ◽  
Recording Electrodes

Most evidence indicates that palatal position has an important influence on respiration during sleep. We have previously demonstrated during wakefulness that the levator palatini (LP) and the palatoglossus (PG) muscles function in an integrated manner in determining the route of respiration. In this study we first determined the effect of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep on LP and PG electromyograms (EMGs) and then assessed if subjects could switch from nasal (NR) to oral (OR) respiration during NREM sleep without arousal. Six normal males subjects were studied using intramuscular EMG recording electrodes (LP and PG) and a divided mask to separate NR and OR. Peak inspiratory and end-expiratory EMGs of the LP fell significantly during NREM sleep [3.7 +/- 0.4 (SE), 1.9 +/- 0.4, and 2.4 +/- 0.7 arbitrary units for LP peak inspiratory awake, stage 2, and stage 3/4, respectively; 2.7 +/- 0.2, 1.5 +/- 0.2, and 1.8 +/- 0.5 arbitrary units for LP end-expiratory awake, stage 2, and stage 3/4, respectively; P < 0.05]. In a similar manner, the peak inspiratory EMG of the PG fell from wakefulness to stage 2 NREM sleep [5.1 +/- 0.5 and 3.9 +/- 0.5 arbitrary units for PG peak inspiratory awake and stage 2, respectively]. On the other hand, the PG peak inspiratory activity returned to near waking levels during stage 3/4 sleep, with the PG end-expiratory activity never falling during sleep. A total of 14 nasal occlusions were performed during NREM sleep. In all cases except one, an arousal was required to institute a change to OR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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