scholarly journals Reports and Victims of Sex and Labor Trafficking in a Major Midwest Metropolitan Area, 2008-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-440
Author(s):  
Erica Koegler ◽  
Amanda Mohl ◽  
Kathleen Preble ◽  
Michelle Teti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Trafficking Victims

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the number, risk factors, and demographic characteristics of potential human trafficking victims from tips reported to a social services agency in a major Midwest metropolitan area from 2008 through 2017. Methods: The agency, comprising 90 employees serving more than 10 000 persons annually, received federal funding to raise awareness about trafficking and to identify and support persons who are at risk for trafficking through training, coalition building, direct outreach and service, and case management. We, the authors, counted the numbers of tips and potential victims reported to the agency by year, type of trafficking, economic sector, sex, region of origin, and age and looked for new risk factors for trafficking. Results: Data were available for 213 tips received from September 1, 2008, through June 30, 2017, and for 82 potential victims identified from July 1, 2011, through June 30, 2017. Labor trafficking (126 tips, 57 potential victims) was more common than sex trafficking (59 tips, 17 potential victims). The number of tips varied during the study period. Tips and potential victims were diverse and included male and female children and adults. Most victims were from Mexico (n = 68), the United States (n = 47), Asia (n = 31), and Central and South America (n = 23). Potential victims were exploited in several industries including agriculture, construction, commercial sex, and landscaping. New risk factors for trafficking were exploitation within marriage and work in the sales industry. Conclusions: Domestic and foreign-born men, women, and children are all at risk for labor and sex trafficking. Direct outreach to foreign-born victims should be a priority. The new risk factors should be explored.

scholarly journals Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Kaufka Walts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Trafficking Victims ◽  
Sexual Services

Emerging research brings more attention to labor trafficking in the United States. However, very few efforts have been made to better understand or respond to labor trafficking of minors. Cases of children forced to work as domestic servants, in factories, restaurants, peddling candy or other goods, or on farms may not automatically elicit suspicion from an outside observer as compared to a child providing sexual services for money. In contrast to sex trafficking, labor trafficking is often tied to formal economies and industries, which often makes it more difficult to distinguish from "legitimate" work, including among adolescents. This article seeks to provide examples of documented cases of child labor trafficking in the United States, and to provide an overview of systemic gaps in law, policy, data collection, research, and practice. These areas are currently overwhelmingly focused on sex trafficking, which undermines the policy intentions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), the seminal statute criminalizing sex and labor trafficking in the United States, its subsequent reauthorizations, and international laws and protocols addressing human trafficking.

scholarly journals Direct and Mediated Effects of Nativity and Other Indicators of Acculturation on Hispanic Mothers’ Use of Physical Aggression

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inna Altschul ◽  
Shawna J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Parenting Stress ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Maternal Aggression ◽  
Maternal Alcohol ◽  
Hispanic Mothers

This study used data from 845 foreign-born ( n = 328) and native-U.S. born ( n = 517) Hispanic mothers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to examine four indicators of acculturation—nativity, years lived in the United States, religious attendance, and endorsement of traditional gender norms—as predictors of maternal physical aggression directed toward young children. The authors also examined whether psychosocial risk factors associated with child maltreatment and acculturation—maternal alcohol use, depression, parenting stress, and intimate partner aggression and violence—mediate relationships between acculturation and maternal aggression. Foreign-born Hispanic mothers had significantly lower rates of physical aggression than native-born Hispanic mothers. In path modeling results, U.S. nativity, along with maternal alcohol use, parenting stress, and child aggressive behavior, emerged as the strongest risk factors for maternal physical aggression. Among the four acculturation indicators, only foreign birth was directly associated with lower maternal aggression. Study findings suggest immigrant status is a unique protective factor that contributes to lower levels of physical aggression among Hispanic mothers.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Correlates of Labor and Sex Trafficking in a Community Sample of Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Metro-Atlanta

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Eric R. Wright ◽  
Ana LaBoy ◽  
Kara Tsukerman ◽  
Nicholas Forge ◽  
Erin Ruel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Runaway And Homeless Youth ◽  
And Gender

Research suggests that runaway and homeless youth (RHY) in the United States are vulnerable to sex and labor trafficking. In this paper, we report and analyze estimates of sex and labor trafficking collected as part of the Atlanta Youth Count 2018, a community-based field survey of RHY between the ages of 14 and 25 in the metro-Atlanta area. A total of 564 participants were recruited and completed a survey that included questions about their backgrounds as well as the Human Trafficking Screening Tool (HTST). We found that 39.9% experienced some form of trafficking while homeless. While 15.6% of the youth reported commercial sexual exploitation while homeless, coerced labor (29.3%) or fraud (25.2%) were even more common experiences. Women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth, as well young people who had prior system involvement and those who had been homeless for more than a year were the most likely to report having been trafficked. The significance of these findings for research and policy on RHY and trafficking are discussed.

The Multiplier Effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-374
Author(s):  
Stuart Anderson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
New Research

New research shows that foreign-born professionals and students are contributing more to the United States than previously thought—their children are rising intellectual superstars—and without them the nation’s technological and scientific standing is at risk.

Supporting Families and Providers When Suicide Occurs

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Susan Carla Stone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Young Woman ◽  
Complicated Grief ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Risk Factor

Death by suicide has increased in the United States. Experts have identified risk factors that may identify those at risk. It is understood that depression is one of the major risk factor. The families and community are the secondary victims when a suicide attempt or completion is made, and they are at risk for complicated grief. Recently, our team was consulted for the case of a young woman with a catastrophic suicide attempt.

Assessing the Impact of Person-level Matching Algorithms to Identify Risk of Fatal Opioid Overdose Across Disparate Datasets: Retrospective Analysis (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Ferris ◽  
Jonathan P. Weiner ◽  
Brendan Saloner ◽  
Hadi Kharrazi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Fatal Overdose ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The opioid epidemic in the United States has precipitated a need for public health agencies to better understand risk factors associated with fatal overdoses. Matching person-level information stored in public health, medical, and human services datasets can enhance the understanding of opioid overdose risk factors and interventions. A major impediment to using datasets from separate agencies, has been the lack of a cross-organization unique identifier. Although different matching techniques that leverage patient demographic information can be used, the impact of using a particular matching approach is not well understood. OBJECTIVE This study compares the impact of using probabilistic versus deterministic matching algorithms to link disparate datasets together for identifying persons at risk of a fatal overdose. METHODS This study used statewide prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP), arrest, and mortality data matched at the person-level using a probabilistic and two deterministic matching algorithms. Impact of matching was assessed by comparing the prevalence of key risk indicators, the outcome, and performance of a multivariate logistic regression for fatal overdose using the combined datasets. RESULTS The probabilistically matched population had the highest degree of matching within the PDMP data and with arrest and mortality data, resulting in the highest prevalence of high-risk indicators and the outcome. Model performance using area under the curve (AUC) was comparable across the algorithms (probabilistic: 0.847; deterministic-basic: 0.854; deterministic+zip: 0.826), but demonstrated tradeoffs between sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS The probabilistic algorithm was more successful in linking patients with PDMP data with death and arrest data, resulting in a larger at-risk population. However, deterministic-basic matching may be a suitable option for understanding high-level risk based on the model’s area under the curve (0.854). The clinical use case should be considered when selecting a matching approach, as probabilistic algorithms can be more resource-intensive and costly to maintain compared with deterministic algorithms.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR ADRD AMONG ARAB AMERICANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S543-S543
Author(s):  
Florence Dallo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Health Interview Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Americans ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
P Values ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract In the United States (U.S.), Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) afflict over 4.7 million individuals ages 65 or older. Arab Americans are a subgroup of whites in which ADRD is not well understood. This study estimates prevalence and risk factors for ADRD among Arab Americans ages 45 or older. Data for 2000-2017 from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) using the region of birth question was used (N=222,219). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of ADRD was 10.3% for foreign-born Arab Americans compared to approximately 7.5% for US-born non-Hispanic whites (NHW), blacks and Asians. The prevalence of ADRD was 8.6% for Hispanics (all p-values <.0001). When controlling for age and sex, Arab Americans were 1.4 times (OR=1.02,1.93) more likely to have ADRD compared to US-born NHW. Future studies should capture other generations of Arab Americans to better understand the trend of ADRD among this understudied, often invisible population.

Human Trafficking in Florida: The Role of Applied Anthropology in Addressing the Problem and Response

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Karen Dyer ◽  
Nathaniel Dickey ◽  
Sarah Smith ◽  
Hannah Helmy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Labor Trafficking ◽  
Exact Data

Human trafficking is a pervasive issue in the United States (Florida State 2003:16). While an estimated 18,000-20,000 persons are trafficked across the nation's borders each year, this may be a dramatic underestimation of actual occurrence due to the hidden nature of human trafficking crimes and the fact that this number does not include domestic trafficking incidents (Florida State 2003:16). Federal anti-trafficking legislation defines "trafficking in persons" to mean those compelled into commercial sex acts (sex trafficking) or labor and services (labor trafficking) through force, fraud or coercion (United States Congress 2000). Although exact data regarding the incidence of human trafficking in Florida are currently unavailable, it is considered a lucrative trafficking hub—often being cited as one of the top three states in which the crime occurs. This is principally because of its agriculture- and tourism-based economy, two industries in which trafficking can thrive with relatively little resistance (Florida State 2003:27). Indeed, Miami International Airport has ranked among the "top points of entry for trafficking" since as early as 1999 (Florida State 2003:28). The lack of comprehensive data also precludes a clear picture of the demographics and nationalities of all trafficked persons in Florida, but figures from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops provide a snapshot of certified victims of trafficking who are receiving federal benefits. In a four-year period ending August 2010, 274 trafficked persons received federal benefits; of these individuals, 127 were female, 147 were male, and the top five nationalities were those from Haiti (81), the Phillipines (65), Mexico (42), Guatemala (13), and Honduras (12) (Florida State 2010:39-40).

The Esperance Primary Prevention of Suicide Project

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Slaven ◽  
Stephen Kisely
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Baseline Survey ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Mental Health Staff ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Suicide Awareness

Background: Suicide has been a major community concern in Esperance, a geographically isolated port on the south coast of Western Australia. Aims: To evaluate the effect of three evidence-based initiatives for the primary prevention of suicide: (i) providing suicide awareness sessions for staff members in health, education and social services; (ii) limiting the sale of over the counter analgesics (aspirin and paracetamol) to packets containing less than the minimum lethal dose; and (iii) implementing Commonwealth media guidelines in the reporting of suicides by media. Methods: Changes in knowledge, awareness, attitudes, comfort and use, before and after each intervention were assessed using standardized instruments and pro forma derived from previous work, such as the Youth Suicide Prevention Training Manual and Suicide Intervention Beliefs Scale. Percentage changes in the number of retail outlets selling over the counter analgesics to less than potentially lethal quantities (less than 8 g of paracetamol or aspirin) were also measured. Media representatives were interviewed to gain their perceptions of Commonwealth Guidelines for the reporting of suicide, and encouraged to consult the project team before reporting suicide related issues. Results: The baseline survey illustrated that mental health staff and general practitioners were more aware of suicide issues, risk factors for suicide and awareness of professional and ethical responses than staff from other services, and were more willing to raise the issue with a person at risk. Thirty-three subjects participated in suicide awareness training of whom 21 (66%) returned questionnaires. There were significant increases in awareness of suiciderelated issues and risk factors, as well as reported levels of knowledge of professional and ethical responses and comfort, competence and confidence levels when assisting a person at risk. Only three media representatives were aware of the Commonwealth Health Department Guidelines for reporting suicide and only one believed that the guidelines influenced their reporting. The local newspapers subsequently contacted the researchers to check that their reporting met the guidelines. As regards access to analgesics, one out of seven retailers agreed to implement the strategy (pending agreement from other retailers), another claimed increased awareness of the danger of analgesics, and three maintained that they would attempt to monitor excessive amounts sold to one individual. Conclusions: Local initiatives can improve the awareness and knowledge of staff in the assessment of suicide risk, as well as of local media. These need to be complemented by initiatives at State or Commonwealth level to produce change in statewide media, or sales of over the counter analgesics.

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