scholarly journals Driving license regranting in DUI subjects: Road accident variables and predictive factors of substance use disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 003685042110337
Author(s):  
Elena Beccegato ◽  
Angelo Ruggeri ◽  
Massimo Montisci ◽  
Claudio Terranova
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Ethyl Glucuronide ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Driving License ◽  
The Road

A comparative case study (2017–2020) was conducted to identify demographic, social, medico-legal, and toxicological variables associated with non-fatal accidents in driving under the influence (DUI) subjects. A second aim was to identify the factors predictive of substance use disorders among subjects. Drivers charged with alcohol DUI (blood alcohol concentration (BAC) > 0.5) and/or psychoactive substance DUI were included; cases included those involved in an accident while intoxicated, and the comparison group included DUI offenders negative for road accident involvement. Significance was determined by chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. To prevent confounding effects, a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Our sample encompassed 882 subjects (381 in the case group and 501 in the comparison group). Parameters such as psychoactive substances and BAC at the time of the road crash/DUI and the day of the week, when subjects were involved in the road accident or found DUI, resulted in significant differences ( p < 0.01) between groups. The model’s independent variables of BAC > 1.5 g/L ( p = 0.013), BAC > 2.5 g/L ( p < 0.001), and concurrent alcohol and psychoactive substance use ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for an accident. Smoking >20 cigarettes/day was an independent risk factor for unfitness to drive ( p < 0.01). Unfitness to drive was based primarily on ethyl glucuronide levels >30 pg/mg. Our results suggest a detailed assessment of DUI subjects with variables associated with accidents (BAC > 1.5 g/L and concurrent intake of psychoactive substances). Hair analysis, including ethylglucuronide (EtG) concentration, should be always performed. Based on our results, nicotine use should be investigated in cases of driving license regranting.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smoking as a Predictor of Male DUI Recidivism

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10761
Author(s):  
Claudio Terranova ◽  
Giovanni Forza ◽  
Elena Beccegato ◽  
Angelo Ruggeri ◽  
Guido Viel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Driving License ◽  
First Time

This study aimed to investigate the predictors of recidivism in first-time driving under the influence (DUI) offenders, analyzing variables derived from medico-legal and toxicological examinations. The research was structured as a comparative study for the period 2012–2019. DUI offenders with a blood alcohol concentration >0.5 were included in the study. The case group consisted of recidivist offenders, while the comparison group consisted of first-time offenders. Personal data, socioeconomics, and parameters linked to the DUI were compared between the two groups. Significance was determined by chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. To prevent confounding effects, multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Our sample encompassed 1678 subjects (196 in the case group, 1482 in the comparison group). Gender, driving license category, education, and tobacco use resulted in significant differences between the groups. In a model including age at DUI, education, and smoking habit as independent variables, higher educational levels (high school, bachelor’s) and older age protected against recidivism, whereas smoking >20 cigarettes/day was an independent risk factor for recidivism. Recidivist offenders have specific characteristics indicating different therapeutic programs and carefulness in driving license regranting. A higher tobacco consumption in recidivists suggests that the use of this substance could influence the risk of DUI for reasons that will need to be explored.

Religious Uses of Licit and Illicit Psychoactive Substances in a Branch of the Santo Daime Religion

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Santo Daime ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Constant Source

The article deals with the different effects of tolerant and prohibitionist policies associated with psychoactive substance use in Brazil. Whereas the licit use of ayahuasca has been successfully incorporated into mainstream Brazilian society, the ritual use of cannabis by one of the Santo Daime religious groups has never been fully accepted and remains a constant source of problems for the ayahuasca churches, their followers and society at large.

scholarly journals A pattern of alcohol consumption among marijuana users in the adult population of the city of Gdańsk

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Maciej Brosz
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
The City

Alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly used psychoactive substances both in Europe and Poland. In the last four years the proportion of marijuana users in the adult population of Gdańsk has almost doubled: from 7.1% in 2015 to 14.1% in 2019. The surveys concerning the consumption of alcohol conducted every four years since 2007 indicate a significant fact: the proportion of people who drink is decreasing. However, this does not mean that they drink less or less often. A question elaborated in this article is whether marijuana users consume more or less alcohol than non-users. This article is based on the data collected in a questionnaire survey on alcohol and other psychoactive substance use conducted in Gdańsk in the autumn of 2019 on a representative sample of 1,004 adult residents of the city.

scholarly journals Risk factors of early psychoactive substances dependence among youth

2022 ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
R. M. Sadykov ◽  
N. L. Bolshakova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Informal Groups

The article considers a number of factors that influence the use of psychoactive substances by young people in Russia: psychological, social, economic, medico-biological, spiritual and moral and others. The main reasons for psychoactive substance use among this age group are: neglect by parents, psychoactive substance use by parents and other relatives, abuse by parents and guardians, low family income, conflicts and lack of understanding of the age-specific characteristics of adolescents by parents, low motivation to study, low status among peer groups, youth informal groups. In addition to risk factors, protection factors – circumstances that reduce the likelihood of a person becoming involved with psychoactive substances have also been identified: a strong family, with a healthy and supportive psychological atmosphere, success in educational activities, parental involvement in the life of their children, etc. 

scholarly journals Prevalence and reasons of use of different psychoactive substances among prisoners at Malir Prison, Karachi.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1488-1492
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ilyas Jat ◽  
Muhammad Tarique Arain ◽  
Saima Qureshi ◽  
Kheenpal Das ◽  
Anum Haider
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Prisoners ◽  
Study Setting

The use psychoactive substances are on the rise in general population and even seen more among those who are involved in criminal activities. There are many reasons for such irrational use of psychoactive substances. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and reasons of use of different psychoactive substances among prisoners at Malir prison, Karachi. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Malir prison, Karachi. Period: 22nd April 2019 to 26th May 2019. Material & Methods: This study was conducted at district Malir prison, Karachi. All the cases who were imprisoned due to any reason and had history of psychoactive substance use were enrolled. Thorough history and examination was carried out. Ethical considerations were taken as per international guidelines. Results: Among all 490 male prisoners who used to take different type of psychoactive substance, majority were of age ranges of 21 to 35 years and 55% were married while 44% were single and 1% were divorced or separated. Out of 490 cases 453 (92%) were using different substances thorough routes other than injections while 37 (8%) were injection users. Majority of prisoners 252 (52%) were using Heroin while 86 (17%) were using Crystals, 74 (15%) Cannabis, 37 (8%) Synthetic substances, 24 (5%) Ice, 6 (1%) Opioid and 11 (2%) were using some other type of substance. The most common reason of substance use was peer pressure followed by fun and frustration. Conclusion: Substance use prevalence is high in prison. Existing services for the management of drug dependence are not meeting the global standard of evidence based comprehensive drug treatment and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Impulsivity and family conflict as predictors of illegal psychoactive substance use in adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e1334
Author(s):  
Nicole Guadalupe Vallejo Alviter ◽  
Jorge Luis Arellanez Hernández ◽  
Catalina Francisca González Forteza ◽  
Fernando Wagner Echeagaray
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Family Conflict ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Substance Use Prevention ◽  
School Students ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use

This research studies impulsiveness and family conflict as predictors of illegal psychoactive substance use. The objective of this research was to analyze the differences in impulsiveness and family conflict between high school student users and non-users of illegal psychoactive substances. A quantitative methodology through a cross-sectional, correlational study was carried out. A questionnaire composed by the Plutchik scale of impulsiveness, some items of the Climent, Aragón and Plutchik Scale of Impulsivity and indicators to explore consumption of psychoactive substances. The sample was composed by 344 high school students of the municipality of Emiliano Zapata in Veracruz, México. The results show that 9.0% have consumed illegal drugs. A correlation was found between family conflict, impulsivity and use of psychoactive substances. We found that impulsivity and risk taking are predictors of illegal drug use. The results show that impulsivity is a factor related to drug use and it is necessary to design interventions that favor management of emotions and decision making in adolescents, as well as the participation of the family in substance use prevention programs. 

scholarly journals The association between psychoactive substance use and violence

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 363-366
Author(s):  
Vladimir Knezevic ◽  
Dragana Ratkovic ◽  
Ana Vejnovic ◽  
Svetlana Ivanovic-Kovacevic ◽  
Jovan Milatovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Case Files ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Abuse ◽  
Novi Sad

Introduction. The association between substance use and aggression derives from the fact that among violent crime offenders there is a large number of people with alcohol and drug abuse. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of psychoactive substance addicts in the population of violent crime offenders, as well as to consider possible measures to reduce the crime rates in this population. Material and Methods. Forensic psychiatric reports were used to assess 94 violent offenders from 2001 to 2018. The expert reports were obtained from the Psychiatry Clinic in Novi Sad, Serbia, including court case files, medical records, and psychiatric and psychological records of all offenders. Results. We have found that of the total of 94 violent crime offenders, as many as 25% suffered from some form of mental disorder. More than half of those with mental disorders from this group suffered from disorders induced by psychoactive substances, which means that as many as 15% of all offenders had some form of addiction. On the other hand, as much as 50% of all the offenders were under the influence of psychoactive substances at the time of the offense, predominantly by alcohol. Conclusion. Further research is needed in order to develop specific programs for the prevention of violence in the population using psychoactive substances.

scholarly journals Psychoactive substance use and perception of mental health status in inmates of two Portuguese prisons

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Mónica Marinho ◽  
Paulo Vitoria
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Higher Education ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mental Health Status ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
Male Prisoners

Aim To describe patterns of and associations between psychoactive substance use and perception of mental health status amongst male prisoners. Method Participants consisted of 60 male prisoners, with a mean age of 38.5 (SD = 11.0). A standardised interview with three sections was carried out: 1) socio-demographic variables, 2) perception of mental health status by CORE-OM, 3) evaluation of psychoactive substance use and dependence (tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs). Results The majority of the participants reported using a named psychoactive substance during the current detention period. Substance use and addiction tended to be higher amongst the younger men and those who had achieved a higher education. A minority perceived their mental health as good. Self-reported low and mild impairment of mental health is higher in participants who achieved a higher education level and, moderate and severe impairment is higher in lower educated participants. The perceived impairment appeared to be less severe in smokers and alcohol users. Conclusion This study highlights the need for a better understanding of the underlying causes and subsequent consequences of the high prevalence of inmate’s psychoactive substances use, as well as the better perception of mental health status in those who consume psychoactive substances.

scholarly journals Psychoactive substance use and crime: analysis of the relationship between age of onset and recidivism

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Rodríguez Díaz ◽  
Carolina Bringas Molleda ◽  
María De La Villa Moral Jiménez ◽  
Beatriz Pérez Sánchez ◽  
Cristina Estrada Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
The Relationship

The entail between behavior transgressor and consumption of psychoactive substances has been studied in different investigations by the aim to establish a possible causal relation, without up to the date it has come near to definitive conclusions. The aim that we appear in this study is to know the age of beginning to the consumption of some substances, both legal and illegal, inside a penitentiary sample, dividing this one for the number of penitentiary income. There took part 157 prisoners of Villabona'sprision (Asturias), of ages that they include from the 19 at the age of 49, being only women 5,1 %. The number of income in prison has qualified in two groups: Primary (an alone entry in the jail) and recidivism (two ó more income). The analysis of survival realized by means of the procedure Kaplan-Meier, it offers significant differences in the age of beginning of the consumption in some of the considered substances, highlighting the importance of the precocious beginning in the consumption for the backslider prisoner population.

scholarly journals Prevalence of, Factors Associated with and Level of Dependence of Psychoactive Substance Use among Mekelle University Students, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema ◽  
Znabu Hadush Kahsay ◽  
Gebrezgi Gidey Lemma ◽  
Welday Hagos Gebretsadik ◽  
Mamuye Mussie Weldemaryam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Mekelle University ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
University Undergraduate Students

Background: Psychoactive substance use is a major public health concern globally. Though youth attending higher education institutions are considered particularly vulnerable to psychoactive substances, there is a paucity of evidence in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use, factors associated with psychoactive substance use and level of dependence among Mekelle University undergraduate students in Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based quantitative cross-sectional survey was used to randomly (using multistage sampling) invite 1220 undergraduate students in April and May 2017 to participate. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with psychoactive substance use. Level of dependence was determined using the WHO’s Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test classification. Results: Among the eligible students approached, 1214 participants completed the survey, which yields a 99.5% response rate. The lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 66.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 64% to 69%) while the current prevalence was 49% (95% CI = 46% to 52%). A history of, but not current, psychoactive substance use was reported by 18%, while 33.5% reported never having used psychoactive substances. The current prevalence of alcohol use was 35.5%, tobacco 7.8% and khat 5.7%. Of the current users, 17% (95% CI = 14% to 20%) were at a moderate to high risk of dependency. Being over 21 years of age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.37 to 2.25), male (AOR = 3.13; 95% CI = 2.26 to 4.34), living in urban areas (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.23), an Orthodox Christian (AOR = 7.55, 95% CI = 4.56 to 12.48), and being in their 3rd year (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.49 to 3.55), 4th year (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.51) and 5th year (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.81 to 7.67) at university were associated with currently using psychoactive substances. Being male and Orthodox Christian was associated with being an ex-smoker. Conclusions: Approximately half of Mekelle University undergraduate students were using psychoactive substances with almost one in five at risk of dependency. The likelihood of use increased with seniority. Evidence-based strategies are needed to prevent school-aged children from using psychoactive substances and university students becoming dependent on substances. Interventions designed to stop current psychoactive substance use may also have promise for reducing dependency.

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