Sex Differences in the Amount and Patterns of Car-Driving Exposure in Spain, 2014 to 2017: An Application of a Quasi-Induced Exposure Approach

We designed a cross-sectional study in Spain, from 2014 to 2017. Our objective was to assess sex-related differences in the amount of driving exposure of car drivers, overall and stratified by the main environment-related driving conditions. We compared the sex distribution across three populations: (1) total number of person-years aged > 18 years; (2) total number of person-years aged > 18 years holding a valid car-driving license; and (3) total number of non-responsible car drivers involved in crashes with another offending driver, stratified by different environmental variables. The quasi-induced exposure approach was applied: the non-responsible drivers were considered as representative of the entire population of drivers on the road at the place and time at which the crash occurred. We calculated the female-to-male odds ratio (OR) by comparing population 2 versus 1, and population 3 versus 2. Finally, we performed separate regression models in population 3 for each environment-related variable as the dependent variable and driver’s age and sex as the independent variables. The female-to-male OR for the first comparison was 1.12, but values below 1 were found for extreme age groups. In the second comparison, an OR of 0.50 (0.49–0.51) was found, with progressively lower OR values as age increased. In population 3, women were found to drive less than men in environments known to be high risk (i.e., open roads, night-time, poor light conditions, and weekends). A significant gender gap exists in the amount and type of driving exposure. Although women obtain a driving license more frequently than men, they drive much less and tend to avoid high-risk environments. These results emphasize the need to incorporate a gender perspective in the development and implementation of road safety interventions.

Usefulness of the AUDIT tool in assessing alcohol consumption patterns of drivers who have lost their driving license

Alcohol consumption by drivers has a negative impact on the driving behaviour and the risk of an accident. The objective of the work the usefulness of the AUDIT tool in relation to alcohol consumption patterns of people who lost their driving license for drunk driving. The study used a 10-item AUDIT questionnaire, which included 196 people aged 19 to 71 years. The experimental group (Group 1) consisted of people who lost their driving license "after drinking", and the control group (Group 2) consisted of people who drive motor vehicles at work. It has been shown that the majority of people who had their authorization to drive a car revoked, faced difficulties in controlling their alcohol consumption. There were no statistically significant differences in the results of the AUDIT questionnaire, taking into account the group and gender criteria. The surveyed drivers most often revealed a low and moderate pattern of alcohol consumption. People who drink, in the problem model (risky) significantly more often lost their driving license than people in the control group.

Cigarette Smoking as a Predictor of Male DUI Recidivism

This study aimed to investigate the predictors of recidivism in first-time driving under the influence (DUI) offenders, analyzing variables derived from medico-legal and toxicological examinations. The research was structured as a comparative study for the period 2012–2019. DUI offenders with a blood alcohol concentration >0.5 were included in the study. The case group consisted of recidivist offenders, while the comparison group consisted of first-time offenders. Personal data, socioeconomics, and parameters linked to the DUI were compared between the two groups. Significance was determined by chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. To prevent confounding effects, multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Our sample encompassed 1678 subjects (196 in the case group, 1482 in the comparison group). Gender, driving license category, education, and tobacco use resulted in significant differences between the groups. In a model including age at DUI, education, and smoking habit as independent variables, higher educational levels (high school, bachelor’s) and older age protected against recidivism, whereas smoking >20 cigarettes/day was an independent risk factor for recidivism. Recidivist offenders have specific characteristics indicating different therapeutic programs and carefulness in driving license regranting. A higher tobacco consumption in recidivists suggests that the use of this substance could influence the risk of DUI for reasons that will need to be explored.

Guilt and Shame of What Might Have Been in Optimistic Offender Drivers

Habitual offender drivers are required to recover points lost on their driving license by attending reeducation courses, an experience that may, upon reflection of the incident in question, induce feelings of guilt or shame for the infractions they committed. A simulated driving task studied optimistic offender drivers to analyze the extent to which the controllability of the situational context influenced their use of internal and external factors in counterfactual thoughts and emotions such as guilt and shame. The study involved 160 drivers, of whom 54 were categorized as repeat offender drivers while 106 drivers attended courses for advanced professional driving licenses. The participants drove along a route in a driving simulator, which had been previously adjusted for the difficulty to generate a perception of high or low control. Based on the outcome obtained by the participants in this stage, each driver had to report which resources they required to improve their outcomes. Different factor ANOVAs were used to analyze our findings. The results indicated that optimistic offenders, unlike other groups (i.e., optimistic non-offender and pessimistic non-offender), thought that their results could have been better if external factors had been present (i.e., upward counterfactuals), both under conditions of high and low control. They believed their results would have been worse had it not been for their internal resources (i.e., downward counterfactuals), especially under conditions of low control. Concerning emotions of guilt and shame, offender optimists had the lowest values in both conditions compared with the other groups. We may contend that optimistic offender drivers thought they could have obtained better outcomes if external factors had been involved. In the low control condition, they justified that if it were not for such internal skills, their results could have been worse. When they generated such thoughts, the emotions of guilt and shame were minimal.

How does driving license withdrawal affect subjective well-being? A Swedish comparative survey study of visual field loss

Research has found strong relationships between access to transport, accessibility of activities, and subjective well-being (SWB), and society is said to be car dependent. Accordingly, this study investigates, in a Swedish context, whether and how withdrawal of a driving license for a private car due to visual field loss (VFL) affects SWB. A web survey was used for statistical comparisons of three respondent groups (n = 436): people with a driving license, people with a driving license and VFL, and people whose driving license was withdrawn due to VFL. The inclusion criterion for all participants was that they should have a diagnosis that could cause VFL. The no-license group had lower overall SWB than did respondents with driving licenses. The no-license group also perceived less access to transport means in order to live a life to be satisfied with than did the other groups. The most used transport means in the no-license group was getting a lift in a car, though this group had a strong desire to drive a car. Few respondents in the license groups wanted to use specific transport means to a greater extent, car driving being the most used transport means. Some inter-group differences were seen regarding how access to activities (measured by frequency of actual trips) affected SWB. This study found a significant negative effect of driving license withdrawal on SWB. However, the results imply that qualitative aspects other than the relationship between the frequencies of trips and activities might also affect SWB, and more research on this subject is needed.

Driving license regranting in DUI subjects: Road accident variables and predictive factors of substance use disorder

A comparative case study (2017–2020) was conducted to identify demographic, social, medico-legal, and toxicological variables associated with non-fatal accidents in driving under the influence (DUI) subjects. A second aim was to identify the factors predictive of substance use disorders among subjects. Drivers charged with alcohol DUI (blood alcohol concentration (BAC) > 0.5) and/or psychoactive substance DUI were included; cases included those involved in an accident while intoxicated, and the comparison group included DUI offenders negative for road accident involvement. Significance was determined by chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. To prevent confounding effects, a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Our sample encompassed 882 subjects (381 in the case group and 501 in the comparison group). Parameters such as psychoactive substances and BAC at the time of the road crash/DUI and the day of the week, when subjects were involved in the road accident or found DUI, resulted in significant differences ( p < 0.01) between groups. The model’s independent variables of BAC > 1.5 g/L ( p = 0.013), BAC > 2.5 g/L ( p < 0.001), and concurrent alcohol and psychoactive substance use ( p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for an accident. Smoking >20 cigarettes/day was an independent risk factor for unfitness to drive ( p < 0.01). Unfitness to drive was based primarily on ethyl glucuronide levels >30 pg/mg. Our results suggest a detailed assessment of DUI subjects with variables associated with accidents (BAC > 1.5 g/L and concurrent intake of psychoactive substances). Hair analysis, including ethylglucuronide (EtG) concentration, should be always performed. Based on our results, nicotine use should be investigated in cases of driving license regranting.

E-Cards Download

This “E-Card Downloading application” is to design and develop for well secured dynamic application used for easy retrieval of necessary cards. Issued in the form of a standardized application, which includes the details like Driving license, Voter Id, Ration Card and Aadhar Card. Sometimes we come across the need of submitting or to show the proof of hardware copy of cards at this time this e-card application which is an safest application used for downloading cards of our necessary. This application also contains OTP generation in which the otp is send to the registered mail id so that we can protect our details from others.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PEMILIK KENDARAAN BERTENAGA ELEKTRIK DARI ASPEK KEAMANAN BERKENDARA

The purpose of this study is to determine legal certainty regarding the use of electric vehicles. The legal research used is a normative research method which focuses on positive laws that exist in laws and regulations as well as library materials and literature. Regarding driving licenses, as the researchers described above, of course, the application for electric vehicles is still not fully covered. For now, the driving license for electric vehicles is temporarily applied to electric motorcycles which need to be recalled in Article 7 of Law no. 22-2009 is one category of motorized vehicles. As for the license for this 4-wheeled vehicle, the researcher concludes that the temporary 4-wheeled vehicle driving license is no different from 4-wheeled vehicles in general because, as the researcher explained above, this autopilot vehicle has a system called a decision. Parties where the human side is the driver and the vehicle.Keywords: autopilot; electric vehicles; responsibleAbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kepastian hukum tentang penggunaan kendaraan elektrik. Penelitian hukum yang digunakan yaitu metode penelitian normatif yang dimana berfokuskan pada hukum positif yang ada pada peraturan perundang-undangan serta bahan pustaka dan juga literatur. Mengenai surat ijin mengemudi seperti yang peneliti paparkan di atas tentu saja penerapan untuk kendaraan elektrik ini masih belum tercakup semua. Untuk saat ini surat ijin mengemudi untuk kendaraan elektrik ini sementara diterapkan pada sepeda motor listrik yang dimana perlu diingat kembali pada Pasal 7 UU No. 22-2009 merupakan salah satu kategori kendaraan bermotor. Sedangkan untuk surat izin untuk kendaraan beroda 4 ini peneliti mempunyai kesimpulan bahwa surat ijin mengemudi kendaraan roda 4 untuk sementara, tidak berbeda dengan kendaraan roda 4 pada umumnya dikarenakan seperti peneliti paparkan diatas bahwa kendaraan autopilot ini memiliki sebuah sistem bernama keputusan yang terdiri dari dari pihak yang dimana pihak manusia selaku pengedara dan kendaraan.