Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chris Curran
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Suspension Rates ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Nationally Representative

Zero tolerance discipline policies have come under criticism as contributors to racial discipline gaps; however, few studies have explicitly examined such policies. This study utilizes data from two nationally representative data sources to examine the effect of state zero tolerance laws on suspension rates and principal perceptions of problem behaviors. Utilizing state and year fixed effects models, this study finds that state zero tolerance laws are predictive of a 0.5 percentage point increase in district suspension rates and no consistent decreases in principals’ perceptions of problem behaviors. Furthermore, the results indicate that the laws are predictive of larger increases in suspension rates for Blacks than Whites, potentially contributing to the Black–White suspension gap. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

An Honors Teacher Like Me: Effects of Access to Same-Race Teachers on Black Students’ Advanced-Track Enrollment and Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
Cassandra M. D. Hart
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Black Students ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Black Teachers ◽  
School Students ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
And Performance

Using rich administrative data from North Carolina and school-course fixed effects models, this study explores whether the availability of same-race instructors in advanced-track sections of courses affects Black high school students’ enrollment in, and performance in, advanced-track courses. The availability of at least one Black instructor at the advanced level is associated with a 2 percentage point increase in the uptake of advanced courses for Black students. However, conditional on enrollment in the advanced track, Black students are no more likely to pass advanced-track courses when taught by Black teachers. Positive effects on enrollment are driven by enrollment shifts for higher achieving students. Additional analyses showing benefits to non-Black students suggest that the main channels are not race-specific role model effects.

scholarly journals Inventor Gender and the Direction of Invention

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
Rembrand Koning ◽  
Sampsa Samila ◽  
John-Paul Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Point Increase

We study whether increasing the share of female inventors leads to more biomedical inventions that focus on the needs of women. After accounting for detailed disease-technology, disease-year, and technology-year fixed effects, we find that a 10 percentage point increase in the share of female inventors in a research area yields 1.2 percentage points more female-focused patents. Notably, this effect only holds for female-led invention teams. Areas with a greater share of female inventors in supporting roles do not produce more female-focused inventions. For gender to impact the direction of invention, it appears that women must occupy positions of power.

The Influence of Tardy Classmates on Students’ Socio-Emotional Outcomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Michael A. Gottfried
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Emotional Outcomes ◽  
Nationally Representative

Background/Context Researchers, policymakers, and practitioners undoubtedly concur that missing school deteriorates student outcomes. And yet, in evaluating the deleterious effects of missing in-school time, empirical research has almost exclusively focused on absences, and the scant amount of empirical literature on tardiness has focused on academic achievement. Hence, this study contributes novel insight in two capacities: focusing on the effects of tardy classmates and focusing on socio-emotional outcomes. Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of peer-level tardiness on individual-level socio-emotional outcomes utilizing nationally representative, longitudinal data. Population/Participants/Subjects The data are sourced from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class (ECLS-K), which is a nationally representative sample of students, teachers, and schools. Information was first collected from kindergartners (as well as parents, teachers, and school administrators) from U.S. kindergarten programs in the 1998–1999 school year. This study utilizes data collected at spring of kindergarten, first grade, and third grade. Across all three waves of data, there were a total of N=21,765 student observations. Research Design This study combines secondary data analyses and quasi-experimental methods. There are five dependent socio-emotional variables utilized throughout this study, delineated into problem behaviors and social skills. Problem behaviors include two scales: (a) externalizing problem behaviors and (b) internalizing problem behaviors. Social skills include three scales: (a) level of self-control, (b) approaches to learning, and (c) interpersonal skills. This study begins with a baseline, linear regression model. To address issues pertaining to omitted variable bias, this study employs multilevel fixed effects modeling. Findings The coefficients on classroom tardies indicated statistically significant relationships between having a higher daily average number of classmate tardies and socio-emotional development. Students whose classmates are, on average, tardy more frequently have higher frequencies of problem behaviors and lower levels of social skills. The effects remain significant even after accounting for multiple omitted variable biases. Conclusions/Recommendations In addition to the previously well-established negative effects of missing school via absences, tardiness also diminishes student outcomes. Hence, the findings in this study—which brought to the surface new ways by which classmates’ actions can influence other students’ outcomes—would support the continuation of those school practices that successfully reduce multiple channels of missing school. Particularly high rates of peer tardies in addition to high rates of peer absences have both now been established in the research literature as detrimental to individual and classmate outcomes.

Cruising Through School: General Equilibrium Effects of Cruise Ship Arrivals on Employment and Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 056943452110545
Author(s):  
Ryan McWay
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Cruise Tourism

Cruise tourism is the fastest-growing branch of the tourism sector, and many have turned to it as a development strategy despite little systematic evidence of its equilibrium effects. I match 10.6 million automatic identification system (AIS) locations from 517 cruise ships arriving in 265 port destinations to 355,463 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) women’s surveys in 23 countries to estimate cruise tourism’s relationship with women’s labor market participation and educational attainment. Using fixed effects to identify changes in tourism over time, I estimate that doubling cruise ship arrivals is associated with a 4.9-percentage point increase in labor participation and one-quarter more years of education. These results would be consistent with port cities offering more job opportunities for older women and increased opportunity and available income for education, possibly in anticipation of improved employment prospects.

Bias or Empathy in Universal Screening? The Effect of Teacher–Student Racial Matching on Teacher Perceptions of Student Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 004208591987369
Author(s):  
Ericka S. Weathers
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Teacher Perceptions ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Universal Screening ◽  
Student Behavior ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Probability Models ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Linear Probability

This study uses linear probability models with student and teacher fixed effects to assess whether the racial match between teachers and students affects “at-risk” ratings on a teacher-completed universal screener of student internalizing and externalizing behavior. The data are from a large, urban California school district. I find that Asian and Black teachers are more likely to rate their same-race students “at-risk” for internalizing behavior compared with how the same Asian and Black students would be rated by White teachers. These findings have implications for policy and practice aimed at enhancing universal screening for externalizing and internalizing behavior.

scholarly journals Association between telehealth use and general practitioner characteristics during COVID-19: findings from a nationally representative survey of Australian doctors

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e046857
Author(s):  
Anthony Scott ◽  
Tianshu Bai ◽  
Yuting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Relative Pricing ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Complex Patients ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Gp Services ◽  
Nationally Representative

ObjectiveTo investigate factors associated with the use of telehealth by general practitioners (GPs) during COVID-19.DesignA nationally representative longitudinal survey study of Australian doctors analysed using regression analysis.SettingGeneral practice in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants448 GPs who completed both the 11th wave (2018–2019) of the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) Survey and the MABEL COVID-19 Special Online Survey (May 2020).Outcome measuresProportion of all consultations delivered via telephone (audio) or video (audiovisual); proportion of telehealth consultations delivered via video.Results46.1% of GP services were provided using telehealth in early May 2020, with 6.4% of all telehealth consultations delivered via video. Higher proportions of telehealth consultations were observed in GPs in larger practices compared with solo GPs: between +0.21 (95% CI +0.07 to +0.35) and +0.28 (95% CI +0.13 to +0.44). Greater proportions of telehealth consultations were delivered through video for GPs with appropriate infrastructure and for GPs with more complex patients: +0.10 (95% CI +0.04 to +0.16) and +0.04 (95% CI +0.00 to +0.08), respectively. Lower proportions of telehealth consultations were delivered via video for GPs over 55 years old compared with GPs under 35 years old: between −0.08 (95% CI −0.02 to −0.15) and −0.15 (95% CI −0.07 to −0.22), and for GPs in postcodes with a higher proportion of patients over 65 years old: −0.005 (95% CI −0.001 to -0.008) for each percentage point increase in the population over 65 years old.ConclusionsGP characteristics are strongly associated with patterns of telehealth use in clinical work. Infrastructure support and relative pricing of different consultation modes may be useful policy instruments to encourage GPs to deliver care by the most appropriate method.

scholarly journals The Non-Linear Relationship Between Fiscal Deficits And Inflation: Evidence From Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Abu ◽  
Mohd Zaini Abd Karim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
High Inflation

AbstractAlthough, there is abundant research on the fiscal deficit-inflation relationship, little has been done to investigate the non-linear association between them, particularly in Africa. This study employs fixed-effects and GMM estimators to examine the non-linear relationship between deficits and inflation from 1999 to 2011 in 51 African economies, which are further grouped into high-inflation/low-income countries and moderate-inflation/middle-income countries. The results indicate that the deficit-inflation relationship is non-linear for the whole sample and sub-groups. For the whole sample, a percentage point increase in deficit results in a 0.25 percentage point increase in inflation rate, while the relationship becomes quantitatively greater once deficits reach 23% of GDP. The subsamples report different relationships. Although our results cannot be used as the base for generalization, we identify importance of grouping African countries according to their levels of inflation and/or income, rather than treating them as a homogeneous entity.

Changes in Job Security and Mental Health: An Analysis of 14 Annual Waves of an Australian Working-Population Panel Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Daniel LaMontagne ◽  
Lay San Too ◽  
Laura Punnett ◽  
Allison Joy Milner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Population Mental Health ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract We examined whether job security improvements were associated with improvements in mental health in a large, nationally representative panel study in Australia. We used both within-person fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) regression to analyze data from 14 annual waves covering the calendar period of 2002–2015 (19,169 persons; 106,942 observations). Mental Health Inventory–5 scores were modeled in relation to self-reported job security (categorical, quintiles), adjusting for age, year, education, and job change in the past year. Both FE and RE models showed stepwise improvements in Mental Health Inventory–5 scores with improving job security, with stronger exposure-outcome relationships in the RE models and for men compared with women. The RE coefficients for improvements in job security in men were 2.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.67, 2.46) for 1 quintile, steadily increasing for 2- (3.94 (95% CI: 3.54, 4.34)), 3- (5.82 (95% CI: 5.40, 6.24)), and 4-quintile (7.18 (95% CI: 6.71, 7.64)) improvements. The FE model for men produced slightly smaller coefficients, reaching a maximum of 5.55 (95% CI: 5.06, 6.05). This analysis, with improved causal inference over previous observational research, showed that improving job security is strongly associated with decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms. Policy and practice intervention to improve job security could benefit population mental health.

scholarly journals 1150Changes in job security and mental health over 14 waves of a working population survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D. LaMontagne ◽  
Laura Punnett ◽  
Lay San Too
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Population Mental Health ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Background & Methods We examined whether job security improvements were associated with improvements in mental health in a large Australian nationally representative panel study. We used both within-person fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) regression to analyse data from 14 annual waves covering calendar years 2002—2015 (19,169 persons, 106,942 observations). Mental Health Inventory-5 scores were modeled in relation to self-reported job security (categorical, quintiles), adjusting for age, year, education, and job change in the past year. Results Both FE and RE models showed stepwise improvements in MHI-5 scores with improving job security, with stronger exposure-outcome relationships in the RE models and for men compared to women. The RE coefficients for improvements in job security in males were 2.06 [1.67, 2.46] for one quintile, steadily increasing for two- (3.94 [3.54, 4.34]), three- (5.82 [5.40, 6.24]), and four- (7.18 [6.71, 7.64]) quintile improvements. The FE model for males produced slightly smaller coefficients, reaching a maximum of 5.55 [5.06, 6.05]. Supplementary analyses investigated whether six waves of cumulative exposure to job security (higher value = higher security) predicted MHI-5 score (improvement in mental health) in the seventh wave: results showed a strong dose-response (beta cumulative security was 0.60 [0.53-0.68]), with the difference between lowest and highest values of exposure corresponding to a 14-point increase in MHI-5 score. Conclusions These analyses, with improved causal inference over previous observational research, showed that improving job security is strongly associated with decreasing depression and anxiety symptoms. Key messages Policy and practice intervention to improve job security could benefit population mental health.

scholarly journals The Law, Policy, and Portrayal of Zero Tolerance School Discipline: Examining Prevalence and Characteristics Across Levels of Governance and School Districts

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Chris Curran
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
State Laws ◽  
District Policy ◽  
Discipline Policies ◽  
Media Portrayal ◽  
Laws And Policies

Reform of school zero tolerance discipline policies is complicated by a lack of systematic evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of such policies. Through document analysis, this study compares explicit zero tolerance laws/policies and mandatory expulsion laws/policies across the domains of federal law, state law, district policy, and media portrayal. Results suggest that explicit zero tolerance laws and policies are rare, appearing in less than one in seven states or districts, whereas mandatory expulsion laws/policies are more common. Districts serving high proportions of minority students as well as districts consisting only of charter schools are more likely to have mandatory expulsion policies for certain offenses. Additionally, district zero tolerance policies apply to a broader set of offenses than state laws. Finally, state and district laws/policies tend to not apply to minor offenses to the degree suggested by media coverage. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

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