Evolving Property Rights in Japan: Patterns and Logics of Change

Property rights in land are often regarded as among the most inflexible of the institutional structures that shape urban change, particularly when enshrined in a written constitution. This paper argues that the meaning and specification of property rights in the city are continually contested and in flux and that the evolving practice of city planning is a significant element that contributes to change. A better understanding of the mechanisms of such change is valuable for our understanding both of city planning and of property rights. A historical institutionalist analysis suggests that property rights display significant elements of path dependence, yet also show characteristic patterns and processes of incremental change over time. This analysis of evolving systems to regulate permissible development in Japanese cities during the period since the environmental crisis of the 1960s is revealing of the structured ways in which property rights are contested and change over time.

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Time in International Organizations and International Organizations in Time

The Oxford Handbook of Time and Politics ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190862084.013.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eugénia C. Heldt

Keyword(s):

International Organizations ◽

Path Dependence ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Temporal Dimension ◽

Incremental Change ◽

Critical Junctures ◽

Pressure Time ◽

Multilateral System ◽

System Time ◽

Over Time

Time plays a central role in international organizations (IOs). Interactions among actors are embedded in a temporal dimension, and actors use formal and informal time rules, time discourses, and time pressure to obtain concessions from their counterparts. By the same token, legacies and innovations within and outside IOs can be examined as a dynamic process evolving over time. Against this background, this chapter has a twofold aim. First, it examines how actors use time in IOs with a particular focus on multilateral negotiations to justify their actions. Drawing on international relations studies and negotiation analysis, this piece explores six different dimensions of time in the multilateral system: time pressure, time discourse, time rules, time costs, time horizons, and time as a resource. Second, this chapter delineates the evolution of IOs over time with the focus on innovations that emerge to adapt their institutional system to new political and economic circumstances. This piece looks particularly at endogenous and exogenous changes in IOs, recurring to central concepts used by historical institutionalism, including path dependence, critical junctures, and sequencing. This allows us to map patterns of incremental change, such as displacement, conversion, drift, and layering.

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Institutionalist Approaches to Cabinet Appointments

Cabinets, Ministers, and Gender ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190069018.003.0002 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-59

Author(s):

Claire Annesley ◽

Karen Beckwith ◽

Susan Franceschet

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Selection Methods ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Case Selection ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Informal Rules ◽

Gendered Patterns ◽

Patterns And Processes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

Chapter 2 sets out the book’s theoretical, conceptual, and methodological approaches for explaining gendered patterns and processes of cabinet formation. Employing a feminist institutionalist approach, the chapter explains how formal and informal rules create and maintain gendered hierarchies that have historically advantaged men in the cabinet appointment process. The chapter also shows how rules change over time, emphasizing the importance of agency, ambiguity, and ideas. The chapter offers a model of the relationship among sets of rules to produce cabinets that include women. The chapter provides justification of the case selection, methods of data collection and organization, and a description of each country case.

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How to consider history in landscape ecology: patterns, processes, and pathways

Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10980-020-01163-w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ulrike Tappeiner ◽

Georg Leitinger ◽

Anita Zariņa ◽

Matthias Bürgi

Keyword(s):

Landscape Ecology ◽

Landscape Change ◽

Path Dependence ◽

Complete Analysis ◽

The Past ◽

Natural Landscapes ◽

Patterns And Processes ◽

Event Chains ◽

Over Time

Abstract Context Landscape ecology early on developed the awareness that central objects of investigation are not stable over time and therefore the historical dimension must be included, or at least considered. Objectives This paper considers the importance of history in landscape ecology in terms of its impact on patterns and processes and proposes to complement these with the notion of pathways in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of landscape change. Methods We develop a conceptual framework distinguishing between legacy effects, which include pattern and processes, and path dependence, with a focus of development pathways and we illustrate these perspectives by empirical examples. Results Combined short- to long-lasting imprints and legacies of historical patterns and processes reveal how present patterns and processes are in various ways influenced by legacies of the past. The focus on inherent dynamics of development pathways sheds light on the process of change itself, and its trajectories, and reveals the role of event chains and institutional reproduction. Conclusions Understanding patterns, processes, and pathways over time, allows a more complete analysis of landscape change, and forms the base to preserve vital ecosystem services of both human-made and natural landscapes for the future.

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The Status of the Extension of estar in Cuban Spanish

Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics ◽

10.1515/shll-2012-1118 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gabriela G. Alfaraz

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Time Study ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Age Cohorts ◽

Cuban Spanish ◽

Variationist Sociolinguistics ◽

The Status ◽

The 1960S ◽

Over Time ◽

Significant Factors

AbstractThis paper presents variationist sociolinguistics research on the copula estar with predicate adjectives in Cuban Spanish, a variety in which it appears to have gone largely uninvestigated. To examine its social and linguistic distribution, a real-time study with data from the 1960s and 1990s was coupled with an apparent-time study with data from the 1990s. Findings showed that generation and adjective type were significant factors constraining the variation. The comparison of different generations in real and apparent time suggested that the frequency of estar had increased significantly in the younger generation compared to older ones, and it had remained stable for the two age cohorts studied in real time. Results for following adjective showed that the extension of estar was favored in two of eight adjective classes. These findings suggest that Cuban Spanish has experienced a change over time in the frequency and distribution of innovative estar with predicate adjectives.

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Socioeconomic Change in Villages of Manchuria During the Ch'ing and Republican Periods: Some Preliminary Findings

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x00014979 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 591-620 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Ramon H. Myers

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Property Rights ◽

Rural Society ◽

Conventional Wisdom ◽

Common People ◽

Change Over Time ◽

The Common ◽

Over Time

A Great deal has been written about the Chinese state, but we still know very little about the common people, particularly peasants. How did they live? How did they found their communities? How did their socioeconomic status and property rights change over time. During the 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s, China's rural society and economy became the object of intense investigation by Chinese and foreign researchers. From this period dates our present, conventional wisdom of how rural communities were structured and had evolved since the nineteenth century.

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