The Status of the Extension of estar in Cuban Spanish

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela G. Alfaraz
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Cuban Spanish ◽  
Variationist Sociolinguistics ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Significant Factors

AbstractThis paper presents variationist sociolinguistics research on the copula estar with predicate adjectives in Cuban Spanish, a variety in which it appears to have gone largely uninvestigated. To examine its social and linguistic distribution, a real-time study with data from the 1960s and 1990s was coupled with an apparent-time study with data from the 1990s. Findings showed that generation and adjective type were significant factors constraining the variation. The comparison of different generations in real and apparent time suggested that the frequency of estar had increased significantly in the younger generation compared to older ones, and it had remained stable for the two age cohorts studied in real time. Results for following adjective showed that the extension of estar was favored in two of eight adjective classes. These findings suggest that Cuban Spanish has experienced a change over time in the frequency and distribution of innovative estar with predicate adjectives.

Eternal Today

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Myllykoski ◽  
Anniina Rantakari
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Constitutive Relation ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Fundamental Characteristic ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Software Company ◽  
Present Experience ◽  
Managerial Strategy ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Strategy Making

This chapter focuses on temporality in managerial strategy making. It adopts an ‘in-time’ view to examine strategy making as the fluidity of the present experience and draws on a longitudinal, real-time study in a small Finnish software company. It shows five manifestations of ‘in-time’ processuality in strategy making, and identifies a temporality paradox that arises from the engagement of managers with two contradictory times: constructed linear ‘over time’ and experienced, becoming ‘in time’. These findings lead to the re-evaluation of the nature of intention in strategy making, and the authors elaborate the constitutive relation between time as ‘the passage of nature’ and human agency. Consequently, they argue that temporality should not be treated merely as an objective background or a subjective managerial orientation, but as a fundamental characteristic of processuality that defines the dynamics of strategy making.

Past participles of strong verbs in Jutland Danish: A real-time study of regionalization and standardization

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torben Juel Jensen ◽  
Marie Maegaard
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Time Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
Standardization Process ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Strong Verbs

The article presents a real-time study of standardization and regionalization processes with respect to the use of past participles of strong verbs in the western part of Denmark. Analyses of a large corpus of recordings of informants from two localities show that the use of the dialectalenform of the past participle suffix has been in decline during the last 30 years. Theenforms are replaced by three other forms, one of which is (partly) dialectal, one regional and one standard Danish. The study indicates that a regionalization process has taken place prior to the time period studied, but that it has now been overtaken by a Copenhagen-based standardization process. The study also shows interesting differences between the two localities, arguably due to the geographical location and size, and to the status of the different participle forms in the traditional local dialects.

scholarly journals Do Feelings of Defeat and Entrapment Change over Time? An Investigation of the Integrated Motivational—Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour Using Ecological Momentary Assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4685
Author(s):  
Jana-Sophie Stenzel ◽  
Inken Höller ◽  
Dajana Rath ◽  
Nina Hallensleben ◽  
Lena Spangenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Short Term Variability

(1) Background. Defeat and entrapment have been highlighted as major risk factors of suicidal ideation and behavior. Nevertheless, little is known about their short-term variability and their longitudinal association in real-time. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether defeat and entrapment change over time and whether defeat predicts entrapment as stated by the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behavior. (2) Methods. Healthy participants (n = 61) underwent a 7-day smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on suicidal ideation/behavior and relevant risk factors, including defeat and entrapment and a comprehensive baseline (T0) and post (T2) assessment. (3) Results. Mean squared successive differences (MSSD) and intraclass correlations (ICC) support the temporal instability as well as within-person variability of defeat and entrapment. Multilevel analyses revealed that during EMA, defeat was positively associated with entrapment at the same measurement. However, defeat could not predict entrapment to the next measurement (approximately two hours later). (4) Conclusion. This study provides evidence on the short-term variability of defeat and entrapment highlighting that repeated measurement of defeat and entrapment—preferably in real time—is necessary in order to adequately capture the actual empirical relations of these variables and not to overlook significant within-person variability. Further research—especially within clinical samples—seems warranted.

Changes in Media Credibility when a Predicted Disaster Doesn't Happen

1997 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Major ◽  
L. Erwin Atwood
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Earthquake Prediction ◽  
News Media ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptation Theory ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Public Response ◽  
Media Credibility ◽  
Over Time

This study examines public response to and perceived believability of information disseminated in the news media about a real-time earthquake prediction, and extends the body of media credibility research by examining these responses within the context of Taylor's (1983) cognitive adaptation theory. The theory focuses on people's illusions of well-being that under certain circumstances of threat can lead to adaptive behaviors and provides insights into why some people increased their assessments of message credibility while others lowered their evaluations; still others made no change over time in their assessments of message believability.

Alfarabi on the Prudence of Founders

1998 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Colmo
Keyword(s):  
Political Order ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

Two striking features of Alfarabi's Book of Religion remind us of Machiavelli's Prince. Alfarabi is very much concerned with what Machiavelli would call a new prince, the founder of a political order. Like Machiavelli, Alfarabi emphasizes the extent to which the founder needs prudence, understood as the faculty by which political men make sound determinations about particular circumstances. The status of prudence is enhanced by the pervasiveness of change over time as Alfarabi sees it. The pervasiveness of change entails that any political founding will require repeated, and prudent, renewal. For Alfarabi, as for Machiavelli, the varying dictates of prudence in response to specific political situations pose a challenge to the universal rules or laws found in religion. Alfarabi differs from Machiavelli in carefully distinguishing prudence from mere cunning or cleverness, depending on whether or not the end sought is morally good.

scholarly journals Cardiff English: A Real Time Study of Stability and Change between Childhood and Mid-Adulthood

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-77
Author(s):  
Inger Margrethe Mees ◽  
Christina Høøck Osorno
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
The Third ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In

This article describes a real time panel study of a small number of working and middle class female speakers recorded in Cardiff at three points in time over a period of 35 years. The first recordings were made in 1977 when the informants were ten years old. The second date from 1990 when they were young adults, and the third from 2011 when they had entered into midadulthood. The linguistic variables investigated were h-dropping and the realisation of /r/ as an approximant or tap. Three issues were addressed. First, the two variables were categorised into indicators or markers/stereotypes on the basis of social and stylistic variation. This served as a basis for the second question, which was to discover if the patterns of change over time were in accordance with those predicted by the literature, with indicators remaining stable and markers/stereotypes being age-graded. Finally, we looked at individual variation.

The Islamization of Economies and Knowledge

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Habib Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Over Time

Using ideas from New Institutional Economics (NIE), this paper examines the Islamization of economies and links it to the Islamization of knowledge. NIE uses a multi-disciplinary approach to explain how economic structures evolve and change over time. These structures are studied at four levels: cultural, institutional, organizational, and transactional. While culture embodies a given society’s body of knowledge, the nature and growth of that knowledge determine the type and evolution of an economy’s institutions, organizations, and transactions. This paper contends that the Islamization of economies failed mainly due to a lack of the Islamic knowledge needed to produce the appropriate institutions and organizations. After examining the status of knowledge in the Muslim world, examples of legal institutions are presented to illustrate how dormant Islamic scholarship led to economic structures that lack an Islamic ethos. Establishing an Islamic economic structure would require reorienting an Islamic society’s culture via the creation of new Islamic knowledge that can build appropriate institutions, organizations, and transactions.

American Indian English

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna J. Rowicka
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Language Transfer ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Indian Nation ◽  
The 1960S

The paper provides a qualitative real-time study of ancestral language transfer in the English spoken on the Quinault Indian Nation reservation in WA, USA, in the late 1960s and nowadays. The 1960s data come from archival recordings of mainly one bilingual elder, while the recent samples were recorded in 2004. Only the former exhibit some evident phonological and morpho-syntactic transfer. The present-day speech conforms to informal General American patterns, except for one new variable, the glottal replacement of voiceless stops. The latter is not attested in the archival material and is argued to involve an innovation. A similar phenomenon has been reported in several other American Indian English (AIE) varieties. This may imply that a shared AIE substratum is developing, based on non-standard English features rather than on specific ancestral language transfer features. Leap’s (1993) assertion that no general AIE variety is on the rise may be worth re-examination.

The Islamization of Economies and Knowledge

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-45
Author(s):  
Habib Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Over Time

Using ideas from New Institutional Economics (NIE), this paper examines the Islamization of economies and links it to the Islamization of knowledge. NIE uses a multi-disciplinary approach to explain how economic structures evolve and change over time. These structures are studied at four levels: cultural, institutional, organizational, and transactional. While culture embodies a given society’s body of knowledge, the nature and growth of that knowledge determine the type and evolution of an economy’s institutions, organizations, and transactions. This paper contends that the Islamization of economies failed mainly due to a lack of the Islamic knowledge needed to produce the appropriate institutions and organizations. After examining the status of knowledge in the Muslim world, examples of legal institutions are presented to illustrate how dormant Islamic scholarship led to economic structures that lack an Islamic ethos. Establishing an Islamic economic structure would require reorienting an Islamic society’s culture via the creation of new Islamic knowledge that can build appropriate institutions, organizations, and transactions.

New motivations: Change over time in motivations for mobile gaming

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-285
Author(s):  
Stephen Carradini ◽  
Anya Hommadova Lu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Game Play ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Virtual Ethnography ◽  
Mobile Gaming ◽  
Game Mechanics ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Massively Multiplayer

Many studies of motivations for game play do not consider change in motivations over time. Given the depth of motivations research, this gap seems unusual. In this article, we explore the motivations that players have for beginning, continuing and quitting play in the mobile massively multiplayer online real-time strategy (MMMORTS) game Lords Mobile by reporting on a nineteen-month virtual ethnography. We found that players often download the game due to external motivators such as ads or a reward for playing the game. People often stay playing the game due to game mechanics that strongly encourage the player to form relationships with other players. Players often quit the game due to conflicts with their offline obligations or due to lack of interest in the game. Observing the beginning, middle and end of game play shows that players change motivations over time and respond to external motivators in addition to internal motivators.

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