Generations Later: The Same Furious Passage of the Black Graduate Student

In this article, the author relies on a narrative based format to explore the interactions between everyday race-making processes and the white space of academia. Recognizing the unique ways systems of power interact with their experiences in the social world, they chronicle their engagements detailing the pervasive ways rules of white space are placed. The article recognizes three informal rules of white space in academia: the accepted reification of white sociological thought; the acceptance of white professional standards; and the continued centering of white comfort.

V. N. Tatishchev: Prolegomena of the Russian modernization research program in the XVIII century (Institutional-evolutionary approach)

Introduction. V. N. Tatishchev, one of the founders of the Russian history studies, was notable for his broad views on the evolution of society and economic order. His economic views were not widely discussed during his lifetime and were not much in demand afterwards. Familiarity with his major works is hampered by the fact that they were almost never published in the form of notes, letters, and manuscripts. The ambiguity of his approaches, conclusions, recommendations and, accordingly, their evaluation was noted by many researchers who took diametrically opposed views. Deep erudition, reliance on Western European philosophy and Russian theology allowed the enlightener to create the conceptual milestones of the future institutional program. Theoretical analysis. Modernization of society should be based on constant changes in existing legislative and economic practices, ideological perceptions, and cultural patterns. This approach allows us to identify the most effective institutions (formal and informal rules), taking into account national specifics. Methodologically, the relationship between changes in public administration and social ethos “vertically and horizontally” is established; the importance of societal economic culture as a factor of sustainable development is emphasized. Empirical analysis. Considered chronologically consecutive works on purely economic topics and legal foundations of power are supported by a significant array of letters to Peter I, the Academy of Sciences, the Berg Collegium, and public figures of the first half of the 18th century. According to the thinker, economic policy, both at micro and macro levels, should be based on regulations, organizational adaptation and rational borrowing. The qualitative description of the structure of social relations of absolutist Russia, in the form of “physiology of society”, which resonates with the modern concepts in economic sociology and new institutional economic theory, is highlighted. Results. V. N. Tatishchev can reasonably be considered the conceptual forerunner of the modern theory of institutionalism. As an enlightener, in the spirit of eighteenth-century social thought, he created an introduction to the importance of permanent changes in Russian economic and social structures. The imperative of state construction of the economy at the macro level is supported by attention to micro-changes in the form of regular economic practices, combining elements of originality and creative borrowing of foreign innovations. Evolutionary approach of the thinker echoes the formation and development of economic views of the XIX and XX centuries, especially in the prerequisites of the theory of history periodization and the transition from one political order to another on the basis of changes in institutions (formal and informal rules).

The Genesis of the Prohibition of Corporal Punishment against Minors and the Consequences of Its Application

<p>To present the purpose and the actual role of the prohibition of corporal punishment against minors in society, the sources, causes and effects of introducing this normative prohibition are analysed, based on the example of the Polish legal system. The sources that sought to adopt the amendment in question are indicated, as well as the entities influencing the enactment of the prohibition in its final version. The situation of entities that will reap benefits from the ban in question and those to suffer losses is also described. The analysis of formal and informal rules relating to the upbringing methods used in the society is aimed at answering the question of whether the prohibition of corporal punishment against minors achieved the goal intended by the legislator or even caused the opposite effect.</p>

On the Informal Rules of the Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is a closely constituted party. Recent studies of the CCP describe and evaluate its formal rules, but to understand the Party as an institution we also need to understand its informal rules. The literature on “party norms”, “institutionalization” and the “unwritten constitution” often fails to distinguish rules from other political phenomena. It confuses informal rules with political practices, constitutional conventions, behavioural equilibria and doctrinal discourse. It is prone to overlook important rules, and to see rules where there are none. Hence, it potentially overstates how institutionalized the CCP is, and therefore how resilient it is. The article provides a clearer account of informal rules and suggests a different explanation for the resilience of the CCP.

ECONOMIC POTENTIAL AND POLITICAL INFLUENCE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

This article examines the analysis of social policy carried out by Russian companies for employees of their enterprises and for the population in the territory of their activities. The main principles, priorities, formal and informal rules of behavior of the developing Russian region with a diversified economy are shown.

APPROACHES TO CORRUPTION INVESTIGATION IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY DISCOURSE

The paper is aimed at analysis of the corruption notion and approaches to its study in different subject fields. The subject of the investigation are the proceedings of foreign scientists describing the corruption phenomenon within philosophy, economics, jurisprudence, psychology, anthropology, political science, sociology, and cultural science. The survey research of the corruption concepts within the indicated disciplines provides an opportunity to determine the corruption motives. The revealing of these motives allows developing the corresponding measures on the corruption fight. The important conclusion of the research is a statement that the most complete and practically applicable is the institutional approach based on the integration of the corruption understanding in different sciences and considering the corruption as a phenomenon resulting directly from the interaction and formal and informal rules of activity in individual society. The corruption is mainly based on informal rules (or institutes) that are supported by trust and reputation of the society participants. When in the institutional systems the informal institutes become more adapted in the social life there are gaps between formal and informal institutes. The scientific relevance of the research is determined by its contribution into the development of the interdisciplinary approach to the corruption investigation. The trends of future investigations are determined by an opportunity to conduct further researches using the described interdisciplinary approaches to the corruption study. The practical applicability of the results is in its application while elaboration of programs on decreasing negative effects of corruption on the life of society.

The Causes and Consequences of Bad Strategy and Poor Tactics

This chapter identifies the causes and consequences of bad strategy and poor tactics. It distinguishes three sources of error: incomplete information, wishful thinking, and mixed objectives. The chapter also explains the metaphor of the “game” when referring to the subject matter as the sovereignty game, noting that the sovereignty game is shaped by an evolving set of formal and informal rules and practices. The chapter presents two reasons why wishful thinking is present in secessionist movements: the first follows from the problem of incomplete information and the second is the simple penchant for hope. The chapter also analyses how internal division (factionalism) complicates the strategic and tactical playing field and its effects within self-determination groups. The product of the different causes of bad strategy is a game where play is varied and where actors often make poor choices. The game is coherent enough to shape play but sufficiently vague to produce misaligned tactics. With such awareness, the chapter outlines these causes and their consequences and, in doing so, begin to set the stage for a more prescriptive discussion.

An Introduction to Institutional Coordination as An Alternate Model for Neo-Institutional Economic Analysis

In this paper, through the formulation of an alternate conceptual model, the author links the concepts of functional entrepreneurship and institutions, understood as a set of categories —formal and informal rules— showing a complex, dynamic and interactive character. Furthermore, the aim of this paper is to introduce an exploration of the concept of institutional coordination or positive institutional interaction as an essential element for neo institutional economics analysis. This aim proposes the hypothesis that institutional coordination or positive interaction among formal and informal institutions is the real key element for a theoretically consistent and com-prehensive analysis, evaluation and testing of institutions. Moreover, the paper is attached to the «meta» concept of society, represented as a process of dynamic collaboration among individuals. This assumption seeks to suggest an improved theoretical standard through the insertion of concepts taken from classical legal theory such as «desuetude» and «contra legem custom». This theoretical standard leads the author to introduce a set of contributions to the contemporary heterodox economics literature: a. Negative institutio-nal interaction is a process where overlapping and displacement between formal and informal rules cannot be leaved outside the model; b. A discussion in terms of institutional marginal rate of technical substitution becomes im-portant for deciding the best possible combination of formal and informal institutions; c. An exploration of the determinants for institutional elasticity, as the author assumes, that determinants of institutional elasticity mainly co-rrespond to the ease with which a «formal institution» can be replaced by an «informal institution» and vice versa; d. The use of the brain reward system and the Neuroscience approach introduced as a tool to improve the analysis of institutional coordination. Together the significance of these contributions brings a secondary hypothesis: traditional neo institutional analysis is weak, in the sense that, it avoids dealing with the real role and relevancy of in-formal institutions shouldering the prevalence of the formal institutional frame-work to reach institutional predictability and a sustainable social order. There-fore, the author claims that the traditional analysis is mistaken as it indirectly supports a separation and confrontation between contributions emerging from the legal abstract theory of the sources of law (Ghersi, 2007) and eco-nomic analysis. Key words: Functional Entrepreneurship, Formal and Informal Rules, Institutional Coordination, Positive Institutional Interaction, Institutional Elasticity, Sources of Law. JEL Classification: B52, K00, Z13. Resumen: En este trabajo, mediante la formulación de un modelo conceptual, el autor vincula los conceptos de empresarialidad funcional e instituciones apuntando a presentar una exploración del concepto de coordinación institu - cional o interacción institucional positiva como elemento esencial para el análisis económico. El objetivo es introducir la hipótesis de que la coordina-ción institucional entre las instituciones formales e informales es el elemento clave a dilucidar con miras a completar la elaboración de una teoría de las instituciones más consistente. Esta dilucidación se expresa a través de las siguientes contribuciones: a) La interacción institucional negativa es un pro-ceso en el que los desplazamientos y sobre posiciones entre reglas formales e informales no pueden ser dejadas fuera del modelo; b) Una discusión de la relevancia y características de la tasa marginal de sustitución técnica en el ámbito de lo institucional —relevante sobre todo al momento de estimar la mejor combinación posible de las instituciones formales e informales—; c) Una exploración de los determinantes de la elasticidad institucional —que se corresponderían con la facilidad con la que una «institución formal» puede ser sustituida por una «institución informal» y viceversa—; d) El uso del enfoque de Neurociencias y del sistema de recompensa del cerebro, los cuales son presentados como una herramienta para mejorar el análisis de la coordi-nación institucional. Palabras clave: Empresarialidad Funcional, Reglas Formales e Informales, Coordinación Institucional, Interacción Institucional Positiva, Elasticidad Insti - tucional, Fuentes del Derecho. Clasificación JEL: B52, K00, Z13.

The Hellenic Parliament’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Because of their particular nature, representative institutions around the globe are usually well equipped, both legally and capacity-wise, to adequately respond to political crises; this is what political evolution has taught them. Responses to political crises have been developed and take the form of formal or informal rules of procedure that lie at the disposal of the Speaker or other parliamentary functionaries. On the contrary, battling a health crisis does not immediately belong to the issues a parliament under normal circumstances deals with. Hence, the scattered responses by the world’s parliaments, as pointed out by recent studies, come as no surprise. This article showcases the Hellenic Parliament, which constitutes a classic example of a legislature combating the pandemic situation through a gradual and multidimensional response. Its relevant actions are displayed and analysed vis à vis the average global response. As the pandemic seems far from being over, the article attempts a series of future projections on how to deal with it in the long run.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF CARE FOR THE OLDERLY IN NON-STATE RESIDENTIAL HOMES

В статье рассматриваются особенности заботы и ухода за пожилыми людьми в двух кейсах, которые представляют собой частные дома-интернаты для людей старше 60 лет. В частности, рассматривается создание заботы в условиях альтернативных возможностей, организация альтернативной заботы о пожилых людях в таких учреждениях и особенности формирования подобной заботы. В исследовании рассмотрены вопросы о соотношении формальных (институциональных) норм заботы о пожилых людях и неформальных правил, которые создаются сотрудниками частных домов-интернатов для пожилых людей, имеющих ограниченную профессионализацию в сфере работы с людьми старше 60 лет. Роль неформальных правил в рамках создания заботы о пожилых людях важна с точки зрения расширения агентности пожилых людей и их инклюзии в социум. В исследовании проанализировано сочетание особенностей формальных и неформальных правил по осуществлению заботы. На примере двух кейсов, полуструктурированных интервью с сотрудниками и администрацией, волонтёрами частных домовинтернатов ( n =30) автор показывает, что забота, которая формируется в частных домах-интернатах для пожилых людей, может достаточно сильно отличаться в зависимости от расположения учреждения, особенностей сотрудников и их профессионализации. Для более глобального пространства крупного города регионального значения забота о пожилых людях оказывается чётко регламентированной различными нормами и стандартами. Особенности заботы частного дома-интерната в сельской местности заключаются в персонифицированной заботе и создании больших возможностей для активности пожилых людей. The article discusses the features of care and care for the older in two cases, which are private nursing homes for people over sixty years of age. In particular, is the creation of concern in terms of great opportunities, the organization of alternative care for older people in such institutions and how such concerns. The study examines the relationship between formal (institutional) norms of social care for the older and informal rules that are created by employees of private nursing homes for the older who have limited professionalization in the field of work with people over sixty years of age. The role of informal rules in creating care for older people is important in terms of including the agency of older people and their inclusion in society. The study analyzes the combination of features of formal and informal rules for the implementation of care. Using the example of two cases, semi-structured interviews with employees and administration, volunteers of private nursing homes ( n =30), the author shows that the care that is formed in private nursing homes for the older can differ quite significantly depending on the location of the institution, the characteristics of employees and their professionalization For a more global space of a large city of regional significance care for the elderly is clearly regulated by various norms and standards. Features of care of a private nursing homes in rural areas consist in personalized care and creating greater opportunities for the activities of older people.