scholarly journals Success of Big Infectious Disease Reimbursement Policy in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 004695802090778
Author(s):  
Kun-xi Nie ◽  
Chan Wang ◽  
Xin-wu Li
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Evolution Model ◽  
Reimbursement Policy ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Reimbursement

Big infectious diseases do harm to the whole society, and it is highly crucial to control them on time. The major purpose of this article is to theoretically demonstrate that the Chinese government’s intervention in large-scale infectious diseases is successful and efficient. Two potential strategies were considered: strategy 1 was infectious disease without government intervention, and strategy 2 was infectious disease with government intervention. By evolution model, this article illustrates the efficiency of big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. Without government reimbursement, this article finds that high expenditures accelerate the disease infection. The number of infected persons decreases under big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. The higher the treatment costs, the more important the government intervention. Big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China can serve as an efficient example to cope with big infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Success for Big Infectious Disease Reimbursement Policy in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Kun-xi Nie ◽  
Chan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Evolution Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reimbursement Policy ◽  
Other Hand

Big infectious diseases do harm to the whole society and it is highly crucial to control them on time. China has successful experience of launching reimbursement policy to control big infectious diseases, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes (SARS), efficiently. By evolution model, this article illustrates the efficiency of big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. On one hand, the number of infected persons decreases under big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. On the other hand, the total expenditures to cure also under control. In summary, big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China can support as an efficient example to cope with big infectious diseases.

Modeling Large-Scale Epidemics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basu
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Previous chapters ignored a critical aspect of modeling some major diseases: the infectious nature of many diseases. For infectious diseases, the risk of getting the disease is related to how many people are infectious at a given time: the more infectious people in the area, the higher the risk of infection among susceptible people. In a typical Markov model, we can’t account for this basic feature of infectious diseases because the risk of moving from one state (healthy) to another state (diseased) is assumed to be constant. In this chapter, the author introduces a simulation modeling framework that has been used for decades to simulate infectious disease epidemics.

scholarly journals Emerging viral infectious disease threat: Why Tanzania is not in a safe zone

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chacha D. Mangu ◽  
Christina K. Manyama ◽  
Henry Msila ◽  
Lwitiho Sudi ◽  
Godlove Chaula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Viral Infectious Disease ◽  
The Government

Emerging diseases are global threat towards human existence. Every country is exposed to potentially emergence of infectious diseases. Several factor such as changes in ecology, climate and human demographics play different roles in a complex mechanism contributing to the occurrence of infectious diseases. Important aspects towards control in case of outbreaks are surveillance, preparedness and early response. Tanzania should therefore take opportunity of the calm situation currently present, to prepare. Except for HIV/AIDS, Tanzania has not experienced a major public health threat. However, the question is, is the country safe from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases? In this article we try to explore the danger of emerging infectious disease (EID) epidemics in Tanzania and the risks attached if an outbreak is to occur. The aim is to formulate recommendations to the government, responsible authorities and general population of what can be done to improve the level of EID preparedness in the country. In conclusion, it is important to strengthen the capacity of community and healthcare staffs on how to respond to potential infectious disease outbreaks. Community-based surveillance systems should be incorporated into the national systems for early detection of public health events. It is also critical to enhance one health approach to increase cross-sectoral information sharing, surveillance and interventional strategies as regards to preparedness and response to disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals The Outcome and Implications of Public Precautionary Measures in Taiwan–Declining Respiratory Disease Cases in the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 4877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Chia Hsieh ◽  
Chih-Hao Lin ◽  
William Yu Chung Wang ◽  
David J. Pauleen ◽  
Jengchung Victor Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government

With the rapid development of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries are trying to cope with increasing medical demands, and, at the same time, to reduce the increase of infected numbers by implementing a number of public health measures, namely non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). These public health measures can include social distancing, frequent handwashing, and personal protective equipment (PPE) at the personal level; at the community and the government level, these measures can range from canceling activities, avoiding mass gatherings, closing facilities, and, at the extreme, enacting national or provincial lockdowns. Rather than completely stopping the infectious disease, the major purpose of these NPIs in facing an emerging infectious disease is to reduce the contact rate within the population, and reduce the spread of the virus until the time a vaccine or reliable medications become available. The idea is to avoid a surge of patients with severe symptoms beyond the capacity of the hospitals’ medical resources, which would lead to more mortality and morbidity. While many countries have experienced steep curves in new cases, some, including Hong Kong, Vietnam, South Korea, New Zealand, and Taiwan, seem to have controlled or even eliminated the infection locally. From its first case of COVID-19 on the 21 January until the 12 May, Taiwan had 440 cases, including just 55 local infections, and seven deaths in total, representing 1.85 cases per 100,000 population and a 1.5% death rate (based on the Worldometer 2020 statistics of Taiwan’s population of 23.8 million). This paper presents evidence that spread prevention involving mass masking and universal hygiene at the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a 50% decline of infectious respiratory diseases, based on historical data during the influenza season in Taiwan. These outcomes provide potential support for the effectiveness of widely implementing public health precaution measures in controlling COVID-19 without a lockdown policy.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF DISCLAIMER DUE TO COVID-19 ON THE RELIGIOUS VALUE OF OFFICIAL WORKERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Siti Zakiyatul Fikriyah ◽  
Khoirul Mumtahanah ◽  
Khasiatun Amaliyah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Social Affairs

The Covid-19 virus is one type of infectious disease or infectious disease that emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. And began to spread in Indonesia in March 2021. The increasing number of positive cases and deaths due to Covid-19 has led the government to implement several policies, namely restrictions on Large-Scale Social Affairs (PSBB) and working from home. This policy has a very big impact on employers because they experience enormous losses so that company leaders carry out layoffs (layoffs) on a large scale or on a large scale. The impact of the termination of employment is felt directly by the workers concerned. And social changes began to occur in workers who were laid off (changes in religiosity), such as what happened in Dongos Village, Kedung District, Jepara Regency. This study aims to see the impact and influence factors of layoffs due to Covid-19 on the religious level of workers who were laid off and who were not laid off. The method used is a combined research approach (quantitative and qualitative), using a questionnaire and direct interviews. The results obtained indicate that layoffs due to Covid-19 affect the level of religiosity of laid-off workers. Moreover, there is a difference in the level of religiosity between workers who were laid off and those who were not. The factors that influence the impact of layoffs due to Covid-19 on the level of worker religiosity are 1) Ideological, 2) Ritualistic, 3) Expressive, and 4) Consequences

scholarly journals “隔離”侵犯了人們的自由權嗎？——對中國大陸有關“隔離”法律制度的倫理思考

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
Yongfu CAO
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
The Government ◽  
Prevention And Cure

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.跳出事件觀察事件，可能更有利於對事件準確地分析、認清。在人類已經基本控制住SARS 流行的今天，俯瞰中國大陸對SARS的防控過程，可能會更加理性。本文僅從有關“隔離”法律規定對“自由限制”的視角，展開討論。Investigating an issue from outside will help to analyze and identify it. Nowadays, we can control the spread of SARS and understand it in a more reasonable way through the overview of the prevention and cure of SARS in Mainland China.In the process of controlling and curing the new infectious disease, SARS, Mainland China’s government made a new law which was very successful, but its enaction and enforcement caused many problems which should be reflected upon, such as the rule of quarantine.To quarantine means to segregate people with infectious diseases. It is a good way to protect the uninfected people. It helps to control the spread of SARS. However, at the same time it limits people’s freedom. On one side, it is necessary for the government to segregate people with infectious diseases, but on the other side, the government needs to consider the limitations of freedom caused by the new law. This paper will discuss whether the people’s freedom will be limited by the rule of quarantine in Mainland China.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals The Right to Liberty in a Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The Right

The European Convention on Human Rights has given rise to the most extensive and influential case law of any human rights jurisdiction, and the inclusion of an express infectious diseases exception to the right to liberty suggests that its jurisprudence is likely to provide the best available guidance to states on the circumstances in which such measures may be justifiable and lawful. However, this article argues that the principles developed to date are limited in their applicability to the current crisis, and are insufficient for determining the appropriate balance between public health and the right to liberty when seeking to control the spread of a large-scale, highly infectious disease.

scholarly journals The Prediction of Infectious Diseases: A Bibliometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6218
Author(s):  
Wenting Yang ◽  
Jiantong Zhang ◽  
Ruolin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Core

Objective: The outbreak of infectious diseases has a negative influence on public health and the economy. The prediction of infectious diseases can effectively control large-scale outbreaks and reduce transmission of epidemics in rapid response to serious public health events. Therefore, experts and scholars are increasingly concerned with the prediction of infectious diseases. However, a knowledge mapping analysis of literature regarding the prediction of infectious diseases using rigorous bibliometric tools, which are supposed to offer further knowledge structure and distribution, has been conducted infrequently. Therefore, we implement a bibliometric analysis about the prediction of infectious diseases to objectively analyze the current status and research hotspots, in order to provide a reference for related researchers. Methods: We viewed “infectious disease*” and “prediction” or “forecasting” as search theme in the core collection of Web of Science from inception to 1 May 2020. We used two effective bibliometric tools, i.e., CiteSpace (Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and VOSviewer (Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) to objectively analyze the data of the prediction of infectious disease domain based on related publications, which can be downloaded from the core collection of Web of Science. Then, the leading publications of the prediction of infectious diseases were identified to detect the historical progress based on collaboration analysis, co-citation analysis, and co-occurrence analysis. Results: 1880 documents that met the inclusion criteria were extracted from Web of Science in this study. The number of documents exhibited a growing trend, which can be expressed an increasing number of experts and scholars paying attention to the field year by year. These publications were published in 427 different journals with 11 different document types, and the most frequently studied types were articles 1618 (83%). In addition, as the most productive country, the United States has provided a lot of scientific research achievements in the field of infectious diseases. Conclusion: Our study provides a systematic and objective view of the field, which can be useful for readers to evaluate the characteristics of publications involving the prediction of infectious diseases and for policymakers to take timely scientific responses.

scholarly journals Evolution, revolution and heresy in the genetics of infectious disease susceptibility

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1590) ◽  
pp. 840-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian V. S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Genome Wide

Infectious pathogens have long been recognized as potentially powerful agents impacting on the evolution of human genetic diversity. Analysis of large-scale case–control studies provides one of the most direct means of identifying human genetic variants that currently impact on susceptibility to particular infectious diseases. For over 50 years candidate gene studies have been used to identify loci for many major causes of human infectious mortality, including malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, bacterial pneumonia and hepatitis. But with the advent of genome-wide approaches, many new loci have been identified in diverse populations. Genome-wide linkage studies identified a few loci, but genome-wide association studies are proving more successful, and both exome and whole-genome sequencing now offer a revolutionary increase in power. Opinions differ on the extent to which the genetic component to common disease susceptibility is encoded by multiple high frequency or rare variants, and the heretical view that most infectious diseases might even be monogenic has been advocated recently. Review of findings to date suggests that the genetic architecture of infectious disease susceptibility may be importantly different from that of non-infectious diseases, and it is suggested that natural selection may be the driving force underlying this difference.

Land Use Change and Commodity Frontiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cáceres ◽  
Esteban Tapella ◽  
Diego A. Cabrol ◽  
Lucrecia Estigarribia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Management Recommendations

Argentina is experiencing an expansion of soya and maize cultivation that is pushing the agricultural frontier over areas formerly occupied by native Chaco forest. Subsistance farmers use this dry forest to raise goats and cattle and to obtain a broad range of goods and services. Thus, two very different and non-compatible land uses are in dispute. On the one hand subsistance farmers fostering an extensive and diversified forest use, on the other hand, large-scale producers who need to clear out the forest to sow annual crops in order to appropriate soil fertility. First, the paper looks at how these social actors perceive Chaco forest, what their interests are, and what kind of values they attach to it. Second, we analyze the social-environmental conflicts that arise among actors in order to appropriate forest’s benefits. Special attention is paid to the role played by the government in relation to: (a) how does it respond to the demands of the different sectors; and (b) how it deals with the management recommendations produced by scientists carrying out social and ecological research. To put these ideas at test we focus on a case study located in Western Córdoba (Argentina), where industrial agriculture is expanding at a fast pace, and where social actors’ interests are generating a series of disputes and conflicts. Drawing upon field work, the paper shows how power alliances between economic and political powers, use the institutional framework of the State in their own benefit, disregarding wider environmental and social costs. 

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