Safety measures for conducting exercise oxygen consumption, VO2, tests in developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
Michael F Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Rubber Tubing ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximum Exposure

Measurements of rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) recorded during controlled exercise is used to assess cardiovascular health in test individuals. In low- or middle-income countries, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis is common and older VO2 systems are in use, three specific preventative measures should be in place to prevent the transmission of tuberculosis. These include: (1) disinfecting reusable plastic masks and rubber tubing with bleach solution; (2) limiting maximum exposure of test individuals to Cl2 gas to <1–3 ppm for a duration of ≤15 min to prevent respiratory distress; and (3) carefully inspecting for degradation of plastic VO2 masks and rubber tubing repeatedly disinfected with bleach and replace these at the first signs of deterioration.

scholarly journals Promoting Immigrant Women's Cardiovascular Health: redesigning patient education interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Fredericks ◽  
Sepali Guruge
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
Cardiovascular Nursing

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among women from low- to middle-income countries. The most common cardiovascular nursing intervention is that of patient education. However, the applicability of this intervention is questionable, as these educational initiatives are typically designed and evaluated using samples of “white” homogeneous males. Using the social determinants of health framework, this discursive article identifies specific strategies for redesigning existing cardiovascular education interventions to enhance their applicability to immigrant women. The recommendations will allow nurses to enhance the educational support offered resulting in the reduction and/or prevention of cardiovascular-related symptoms and/or complications

scholarly journals Promoting Immigrant Women's Cardiovascular Health: redesigning patient education interventions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Fredericks ◽  
Sepali Guruge
Keyword(s):  
Patient Education ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Interventions ◽  
Cardiovascular Nursing

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among women from low- to middle-income countries. The most common cardiovascular nursing intervention is that of patient education. However, the applicability of this intervention is questionable, as these educational initiatives are typically designed and evaluated using samples of “white” homogeneous males. Using the social determinants of health framework, this discursive article identifies specific strategies for redesigning existing cardiovascular education interventions to enhance their applicability to immigrant women. The recommendations will allow nurses to enhance the educational support offered resulting in the reduction and/or prevention of cardiovascular-related symptoms and/or complications

scholarly journals Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance: Adjusting the Response to Future Outbreaks

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Doris Rusic ◽  
Marino Vilovic ◽  
Josipa Bukic ◽  
Dario Leskur ◽  
Ana Seselja Perisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Multiresistant Pathogens ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽  
Preventative Measures

The net effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the response to it on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is yet unknown. Positive impacts on the spread of multiresistant pathogens and infections in general may be observed with the implementation of general preventative measures for the spread of infectious disease such as social distancing, reduced travel and increased personal hygiene. This pandemic has accelerated the development of novel technologies, such as mRNA vaccines, that may be used to fight other diseases. These should be capitalized upon to manage the ongoing antimicrobial resistance pandemic in the background. However, it is likely that the COVID-19 pandemic is fueling the emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to high rates of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing, the high use of biocides and the interruption of treatment for other conditions. Clinical uncertainty driven by the lack of effective diagnostics and practice of telemedicine may have driven the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. As pathogens know no borders, increased focus is needed for infectious diseases still threatening low- and middle-income countries such as tuberculosis. Stewardship measures for future outbreaks should stress the importance of social distancing and hand washing but discourage the overuse of disinfectants and antimicrobials that are not proven effective.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis: an overview of current literature on types, diagnosis and drug therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2875
Author(s):  
Victor Prabhakar D. ◽  
Lakshmi Keerthana R. ◽  
Shaik Salma ◽  
Amreen Siddiqua A. ◽  
Meghana Suryadevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Tuberculosis Complex ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistant ◽  
Industrialized Nations

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is a global problem and increases in case rates are occurring not only in the developing countries of the world but also in several industrialized nations. There has also been an alarming increase in the number and proportion of cases caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple first-line drugs. The increase in multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis has re-taught physicians about the importance of pursuing and ensuring treatment until cure. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. This article offers an overview of types, diagnosis and management of TB.

scholarly journals Protecting older adults of Sri Lanka amid COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshini Madara Marasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Clinical Responses

Older adults are at a higher risk of dying from COVID-19 and the risk is much higher in low and middle-income countries. Lloyd-Sherlock, P. et al raise four concerns that needs to be considered when developing public health and clinical responses to COVID-19 to protect older adults in LMICs and this paper applies these concerns to the context of Sri Lanka and provides simple and immediate measures to proactively prevent the spread of COVID-19 among older adults in Sri Lanka. These measures include but does not limit to: 1) considering the difficulties health care system may face in the case of a COVID-19 surge and taking immediate preventative measures to limit the spread of COVID-19 in the country; 2) implementing measures in LTCs to prevent the spread among LTC residents and staff; 3) proactively including older adults especially those who are dependent and from remote areas in government responses; and 4) taking into considerations family dynamics unique to Sri Lanka and providing supportive measures to reduce exposure through government and other available resources. Sri Lanka being a LMIC and therefore more vulnerable, must take immediate actions to minimize the impacts COVID-19 could potentially have on the country, while there is still time.

scholarly journals Exposure to Occupational Hazards among Health Care Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2603
Author(s):  
Rajni Rai ◽  
Sonia El-Zaemey ◽  
Nidup Dorji ◽  
Bir Doj Rai ◽  
Lin Fritschi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Occupational Hazards ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Health care workers are exposed to numerous workplace hazards. The implementation of safety measures in high-income countries has largely mitigated these risks. However, in many low- and middle- income countries (LMICs), resources to institute safety measures are lacking, increasing the risk of occupational exposures to these hazards. The aim of this scoping review is to map and synthesize the available research on occupational hazards among health care workers in LMICs, identify research gaps and inform policy. Searches for relevant articles were conducted in five electronic databases using a broad range of search terms. The inclusion criteria were: quantitative observational or experimental studies which examined exposure to one or more occupational hazards among health care workers in a LMCI; and the article was published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. A total of 99 studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted from these studies. Large proportions of health care workers in LMICs were exposed to biological hazards (bloodborne pathogens, tuberculosis), psychosocial hazards (workplace violence, burnout, job dissatisfaction), ergonomic hazards (musculoskeletal complaints), and chemical hazards (exposure to latex and antineoplastic drugs). The implementation of risk reduction strategies was suboptimal. The majority of the literature was on biological hazards (48%), and research on other hazards was limited in comparison. Occupational safety needs to become a priority public health issue to protect health care workers in LMICs. More research is needed to understand the magnitude of the problem in these countries.

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