New Methods in the Psychology of Religion

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Newton Malony
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Encounter Group ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Obedience To Authority

Preferred assumptions for the study of religion by psychologists are noted. They are religious empathy, grounding in general psychology, and experimental methodology. Possible new approaches to the psychological study of religion are discussed as they related to (1) theory (cf. cognitive dissonance and experiencing); (2) subjects (secular religionists and encounter group participants); (3) techniques (game theory and obedience to authority); and (4) dependent measures (religiosity and value conflict).

scholarly journals Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Psychology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Vaidis ◽  
Alexandre Bran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance Theory ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Very Large Array ◽  
Dissonance Theory ◽  
First Time

Appearing for the first time in the mid-20th century, the term “cognitive dissonance” appears nowadays about eight hundred times in PsycINFO and the original book has been cited more than forty-five thousand times in scientific publications: that is more than twice a day for about sixty years. The theory of cognitive dissonance was molded by Leon Festinger at the beginning of the 1950s. It suggests that inconsistencies among cognitions (i.e., knowledge, opinion, or belief about the environment, oneself, or one’s behavior) generate an uncomfortable motivating feeling (i.e., the cognitive dissonance state). According to the theory, people feel uncomfortable when they experience cognitive dissonance and thus are motivated to retrieve an acceptable state. The magnitude of existing dissonance depends on the importance of the involved cognitions. Experiencing a higher level of dissonance causes pressure and motivation to reduce the dissonance. Findings from several studies show that dissonance occurs when people do not act in accordance with their attitude (e.g., writing supportive arguments in favor of a topic that they do not agree upon; performing a task they disapprove). Festinger 1957 (cited under Core Historical Sources) considers three ways to cope with cognitive dissonance: (a) changing one or several involved elements in the dissonance relationship (e.g., moving an opinion to fit a behavior), (b) adding new elements to reduce the inconsistency (e.g., adopting opinions that fit a behavior), and (c) reducing the importance of the involved elements. Early theorists in this field suggested improvement to the cognitive dissonance theory by adding restrictions for the emergence of the phenomena. Three major developments have to be considered: the commitment purpose and freedom, the consequence of the act purpose, and the self-involvement. Since the 2010s, the theory has been refined with new integrative models and methodological breakthrough. Mostly studied in human beings, several studies shift paradigms to other animals such as nonhuman primates, rats, and birds. The cognitive dissonance theory has been applied to a very large array of social situations and leads to original experimental designs. It is arguably one of the most influential theories in social psychology, general psychology, and cross-discipline sciences more generally.

Political Economy Inside the Strategy of Line Game

2022 ◽  
pp. 832-845
Author(s):  
Annesha Biswas ◽  
Tinanjali Dam ◽  
Joseph Varghese Kureethara ◽  
Sankar Varma
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Behavioural Economics ◽  
Pareto Efficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Winning Strategies ◽  
Person Game

In today's world, the concept of the game and game theory is turned into new methods of knowing and understanding some of the human behaviours followed by society. In the 21st century, behavioural economics plays a major role in understanding the concept of the `line' game and hence the strategies followed by it. It is a country game played in many parts of India. It is a two-person game with very simple rules and moves. It can be played indoors. Students play the game during the break-outs. The game keenly and minutely determines the objectivity of the game and the behaviour of the players involved inside the game and the way one starts moving helps the other players to understand what one is trying to portray through the game whether it is winning or losing. The strategies involved can be put forth and looked upon from different perspectives. Referring to one such perspective, it can be looked at from a concept of Pareto efficiency, a microeconomic concept. It helps develop logical skills and learn winning strategies.

scholarly journals Clinical Psychology of Religion: A Training Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinus van Uden ◽  
Jos Pieper
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Number Of Authors

In this paper we will show you a part of a course “Clinical Psychology of Religion” that has been developed in the Netherlands for introducing mental health professionals in the field of clinical psychology of religion. Clinical psychology of religion applies insights from general psychology of religion to the field of the clinical psychologist. Clinical psychology of religion can be defined as that part of the psychology of religion dealing with the relation between religion, worldview and mental health. Like the clinical psychologist, the clinical psychologist of religion deals with psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy, but concentrates on the role religion or worldview plays in mental health problems. The relation between religion and mental health has been a subject for study since the start of the psychology of religion at the end of the last century. A number of authors have elaborated on the ways in which religion can be beneficial or detrimental to psychological health. In recent research we have found that there is a great need among psychotherapists to become better equipped in this field.

scholarly journals USE OF GAMING TECHNOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-961
Author(s):  
Farid Dgamaletdinovich Yambyshev ◽  
Dilyara Lenarovna Derbisheva ◽  
Adelina Vladimorovna Halaman
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
School Students ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Gaming Technology ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Article Influence

Purposes: In article influence of a game method of training on the formation of interest at seniors in profound studying of a subject of chemistry is considered. Game technologies in teaching are used for a long time, but their importance inactivation of cognitive activity of students does not lose relevance. By means of a didactic game, it is possible to realize with success everything the leading functions of training: educational, bringing up and developing. Methodology: Authors describe the scenario of a lesson game of chemistry on the subject "Hydrocarbons" for students of the 10th classes, do the analysis of results of the performance of tasks at all stages of a game and give criteria of estimates. Results: Following the results of the questioning which is carried out among school students the conclusion is drawn that thanks to a game method at a lesson, it was succeeded to increase interest in a subject, the level of digestion of material, to make active orientation on the acquisition of knowledge and motivation of success. During the game, the creative atmosphere reigns in a class thanks to what such lessons promote the maximum realization of abilities of each pupil and develop skills of group interaction. Didactic games can be used at all stages of the process of training: when studying a new subject, fixing of the gained knowledge, at the control of results. Implications/Applications: Implementing new methods in the study can aid the audience to be prospered. Game theory can be the practical inefficient study of chemistry. Novelty/Originality: The research of the influence of didactic games on the formation of informative activity of students was conducted in the form of the quest with the subject devoted 190-year since the birth of A.M. Butlerov. 

scholarly journals Are Christian Martyrs Abuse Victims, Neurotics, or Suicidal? Comments on the Psychological Study of Christian Martyrdom

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekman P. C. Tam
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
New Model ◽  
Life Itself

In Christian tradition the martyr, man or woman, was honored for holding the faith as being of higher value than life itself. However, in the field of psychology, martyrs may not be seen as models for modern people. Some psychologically oriented studies on Christian martyrdom suggest that the underlying motivations of early martyrs are more complicated than previously thought. Some authors argue that early martyrs were people with psychological problems, and that they might be abuse victims, neurotics, or suicidal. But how true is this picture? This article critically reviews literature on Christian martyrdom, comments on approaches and presuppositions, and suggests that research methodology on martyrdom should (a) consider psychology in context, (b) incorporate psychology of meaning, and (c) adopt a new model of psychology of religion. Christian scholars are urged to do research on this topic so as to retrieve the legacy of Christian faith.

scholarly journals Pump–probe experimental methodology at the Linac Coherent Light Source

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Glownia ◽  
Karl Gumerlock ◽  
Henrik T. Lemke ◽  
Takahiro Sato ◽  
Diling Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Probe Type ◽  
Coherent Light ◽  
Pump Probe ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Linac Coherent Light Source ◽  
Coherent Light Source ◽  
Temporal Overlap

Experimental methods that use free-electron laser (FEL) sources that can deliver short X-ray pulses below a 10 fs pulse duration and traditional optical lasers are ideal tools for pump–probe experiments. However, these new methods also come with a unique set of challenges, such as how to accurately determine temporal overlap between two sources at the femtosecond scale and how to correct for the pulse-to-pulse beam property fluctuations of the FEL light derived from the self-amplified spontaneous emission process. Over the past several years of performing pump–probe experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), new methods and tools have been developed to improve the ways experimental timing is measured, monitored and scanned. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the most commonly used techniques at LCLS to perform pump–probe-type experiments.

scholarly journals Stanley Milgram's Obedience to Authority Experiments: Towards an Understanding of Their Relevance in Explaining Aspects of the Nazi Holocaust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nestar John Charles Russell
Keyword(s):  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Organisational Context ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Social Psychologist ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Stanley Milgram ◽  
Obedience To Authority

<p>Two leading Holocaust historians, Yehuda Bauer and Christopher Browning, have in recent years independently asked how so many ordinary Germans (most of whom in the 1930s had been moderately anti-Semitic) could become by the early 1940s willing murderers of Jews. Social psychologist, Stanley Milgram, had years before been interested in finding answers to similar questions, and to that end in the early 1960s carried out his widely debated "Obedience to Authority" (OTA) experiments at Yale University. Drawing on previously unpublished material from Milgram's personal archive at Yale, this thesis investigates how Milgram developed his research idea to the point where, by the time he ran his first official experiment, he was able to convert the majority of his ordinary subjects into torturers of other people. It is argued that Milgram's experiments were in themselves structured as a bureaucratic microcosm, and say less about obedience to authority, per se, than about the ways in which people in an organisational context resolve a pressing moral dilemma. The thesis uses insights gained from Milgram's experimental innovations to assist in answering the question posed by Bauer and by Browning, focusing on the Nazis' progressive development of mass killing methods, from 1941 to 1944, during Operation Barbarossa and Operation Reinhard. It is shown how these methods were designed to diminish perpetrators' perceptual stimulation, in order to make the "undoable" increasingly "doable", in ways that were later reflected in Milgram's development of his own experimental methodology.</p>

scholarly journals Psychology of Religion in the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Raymond Paloutzian
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Religious Behaviors ◽  
The World

The psychology of religion used to be a small and little known field. Although a few pockets of work in the area were done when Psychology began, it was functionally nonexistent for 1/3 of psychology’s history, and received little attention for most of the rest of it. However, in the past 20 years the field has become vast in scope.  It now intersects all subfields of general psychology. Also, the psychology of religion no longer exists only in Western countries.  It is now an international field with research being conducted worldwide. This article summarizes this trend and documents psychology of religion in the world and in Brazil as a part of it. The need for a multilevel interdisciplinary approach to research and theory is highlighted, as a way to synthesize knowledge of religiousness cross-culturally and trans-religiously. Future research should invoke a meaningmaking model in order to examine not merely observable religious behaviors, beliefs, or experiences, but their underlying roots, i.e., their meanings and attributions made about them. Such research can help us eliminate barriers between disciplines, cultures, religions, and nations.

Religion, Psychology, and Science: Steps toward a Wider Psychology of Religion

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religion And Psychology ◽  
Narrow View ◽  
Gate Keeping ◽  
Introductory Textbooks ◽  
Definition Of

The psychology of religion historically has defined itself with great difficulty, and general psychologists have been reluctant to investigate religious phenomena. General or introductory psychology textbooks, which play a “gate-keeping” role for the discipline of psychology, typically disregard any systematic study of the psychology of religion, as is shown in a small, informal sample of these textbooks. The problem of definition not only plagues the psychology of religion because religion is so elusive a phenomenon; it also exists in mainstream psychology, where a clear definition of the field has been controversial since the formal beginnings of the discipline in the late nineteenth century. It is suggested that the problems of definition in both religion and psychology can be traced to the endemic definition of science. In psychology, science is often narrowly defined and aligned exclusively with experimental methodology. Introductory textbooks are strong in their implications of this narrow view of science, often to the point of dismissing or diminishing religious ways of knowing. A clearer definition of the psychology of religion should emerge from the adoption of a wider definition of science, a definition that recognizes and acknowledges that scientific knowing is a second-order abstraction from the primary reality of human personal experience.

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