Religion, Psychology, and Science: Steps toward a Wider Psychology of Religion

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religion And Psychology ◽  
Narrow View ◽  
Gate Keeping ◽  
Introductory Textbooks ◽  
Definition Of

The psychology of religion historically has defined itself with great difficulty, and general psychologists have been reluctant to investigate religious phenomena. General or introductory psychology textbooks, which play a “gate-keeping” role for the discipline of psychology, typically disregard any systematic study of the psychology of religion, as is shown in a small, informal sample of these textbooks. The problem of definition not only plagues the psychology of religion because religion is so elusive a phenomenon; it also exists in mainstream psychology, where a clear definition of the field has been controversial since the formal beginnings of the discipline in the late nineteenth century. It is suggested that the problems of definition in both religion and psychology can be traced to the endemic definition of science. In psychology, science is often narrowly defined and aligned exclusively with experimental methodology. Introductory textbooks are strong in their implications of this narrow view of science, often to the point of dismissing or diminishing religious ways of knowing. A clearer definition of the psychology of religion should emerge from the adoption of a wider definition of science, a definition that recognizes and acknowledges that scientific knowing is a second-order abstraction from the primary reality of human personal experience.

DELIGHTFUL COXCOMBS TO INDUSTRIOUS MEN: FASHIONABLE POLITICS IN CECIL AND PENDENNIS

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Nicolay
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Class A ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Trade Office

THOMAS CARLYLE’S CONTEMPTUOUS DESCRIPTION of the dandy as “a Clothes-wearing Man, a Man whose trade, office, and existence consists in the wearing of Clothes” (313) has survived as the best-known definition of dandyism, which is generally equated with the foppery of eighteenth-century beaux and late nineteenth-century aesthetes. Actually, however, George Brummell (1778–1840), the primary architect of dandyism, developed not only a style of dress, but also a mode of behavior and style of wit that opposed ostentation. Brummell insisted that he was completely self-made, and his audacious self-transformation served as an example for both parvenus and dissatisfied nobles: the bourgeois might achieve upward mobility by distinguishing himself from his peers, and the noble could bolster his faltering status while retaining illusions of exclusivity. Aristocrats like Byron, Bulwer, and Wellington might effortlessly cultivate themselves and indulge their taste for luxury, while at the same time ambitious social climbers like Brummell, Disraeli, and Dickens might employ the codes of dandyism in order to establish places for themselves in the urban world. Thus, dandyism served as a nexus for the declining aristocratic elite and the rising middle class, a site where each was transformed by the dialectic interplay of aristocratic and individualistic ideals.

Territorial capital as a company intangible

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariachiara Barzotto ◽  
Giancarlo Corò ◽  
Mario Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capital Growth ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Company

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to explore to what extent being located in a territory is value-relevant for a company. Second, to understand if a company is aware of, and how it can sustain, the territorial tangible and intangible assets present in the economic area in which it is located. Design/methodology/approach – The study presents an empirical multiple case-study, investigating ten mid-/large-sized Italian companies in manufacturing sectors. Findings – The results indicate that the sampled manufacturing companies are intertwined with the environment in which they are embedded, both in their home country and in host ones. The domestic territorial capital has provided, and still provides, enterprises with workers endowed with the necessary technical skills that they can have great difficulty in finding in other places. In turn, companies support territorial capital generation through their activities. Research limitations/implications – To increase the generalisability of the results, future research should expand the sample and examine firms based in different countries and sectors. Practical implications – Implications for policy makers: developing effective initiatives to support and guide a sustainable territorial capital growth. Implications for managers and investors: improving managerial and investors’ decisions by disclosing a complete picture of the enterprise, also outside the firm boundaries. Originality/value – The study contributes to intangibles/intellectual capital literature by shedding light on the importance of including territorial capital in a company’s report to improve the definition of the firm’s value. Accounting of the territorial capital would increase the awareness of the socio-economic environment value in which companies are located and its use.

International Telecommunication Union

1957 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-538
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
International Telecommunication Union ◽  
International Telecommunication ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New System

The eighth plenary assembly of the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) was held in Warsaw from August 9 to September 13, 1956, under the chairmanship of Professor Pawel Szulkin (Poland). The assembly elected with an absolute majority Dr. E. Metzler (Switzerland) as Director. The assembly considered a report which dealt with the activities of the fourteen established study groups as well as proposals to reorganize the study groups. The Warsaw decisions modifying procedures experimentally for the future were the outcome of proposals by the Organization and Finance Committees, the CCIR Secretariat and of discussions of the problem in the plenary assembly. The study groups were to remain the same in number and the allocation of work was in general the same, though it was felt desirable to give a more precise definition of their terms of reference. Among the resolutions adopted by the assembly, a number dealt with the length, content and quantity of documents submitted to the chairmen of the study groups, emphasizing that these should be as short as possible, as few as possible and that they should contain only the minimum indispensable mathematical formulae or numerical and experimental data. The new system was also expected to improve the position of distant countries which had so far experienced great difficulty in receiving preliminary documentation in sufficient time before plenary assemblies. The Technical Assistance Committee recommended the creation of a joint CCIR-International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) committee to consider the ways and means whereby technical assistance was at present granted and to make suggestions for improvements, as far as telecommunication was concerned, to the ITU Administrative Council.

InDrone: a 2D-based drone flight behavior visualization platform for indoor building inspection

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Eiris ◽  
Gilles Albeaino ◽  
Masoud Gheisari ◽  
William Benda ◽  
Randi Faris
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Temporal Data ◽  
Flight Pattern ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pilot Data ◽  
Flight Operations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Definition Of

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to explore how to visually represent human decision-making processes during the performance of indoor building inspection flight operations using drones.Design/methodology/approachData from expert pilots were collected using a virtual reality drone flight simulator. The expert pilot data were studied to inform the development of an interactive 2D representation of drone flight spatial and temporal data – InDrone. Within the InDrone platform, expert pilot data were visually encoded to characterize key pilot behaviors in terms of pilots' approaches to view and difficulties encountered while detecting the inspection markers. The InDrone platform was evaluated using a user-center experimental methodology focusing on two metrics: (1) how novice pilots understood the flight approaches and difficulties contained within InDrone and (2) the perceived usability of the InDrone platform.FindingsThe results of the study indicated that novice pilots recognized inspection markers and difficult-to-inspect building areas in 63% (STD = 48%) and 75% (STD = 35%) of the time on average, respectively. Overall, the usability of InDrone presented high scores as demonstrated by the novice pilots during the flight pattern recognition tasks with a mean score of 77% (STD = 15%).Originality/valueThis research contributes to the definition of visual affordances that support the communication of human decision-making during drone indoor building inspection flight operations. The developed InDrone platform highlights the necessity of defining visual affordances to explore drone flight spatial and temporal data for indoor building inspections.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Steven Conn
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Business Schools ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
American Business ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Professional Business ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of

This introductory chapter provides an overview of American business schools. While at one level business schools stand as of a piece of the way American universities have grown and evolved since the end of the Civil War, they stand apart from the rest of higher education in three, interconnected ways. First, they have consistently disappointed even their most enthusiastic boosters—failing to develop a definition of professional business education, failing to develop a coherent, intellectually vibrant body of knowledge, unable to agree on what the raison d'être of business schools ought to be—to an extent simply not true of any other academic pursuit. Despite this, of course, business schools have flourished on U.S. campuses and continue to do so. Second, the late nineteenth-century revolutions in higher education fostered a change in how universities were funded and governed. For the businessmen who now presided over higher education, a business school on their campus might hold a special place in their hearts. Finally, business schools serve as the handmaids to corporate capitalism in the United States in a way that no other campus enterprise does.

Components of Industry

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Gordon ◽  
Patrick M. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Culture Industry ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Definition Of

Industry uses technical and organizational skills, engineering knowledge, and energy to transform natural resources into useful products. (Our definition of industry excludes such late-twentieth-century coinages as “banking industry,” “leisure industry,” and “culture industry.”) When we carry on industry, we alter the landscape by using natural resources, by releasing wastes, and by building workplaces, industrial communities, and transportation systems. The components of industry include the skills and technical knowledge of the participants as well as the landscape and natural resources devoted to industrial activity. We cover the industrial landscape in Part II; in this chapter, we introduce the human and natural resources used by industry. The work skills of artisans, the organizational skills of managers and entrepreneurs, and the engineering skills of designers and innovators have always been as essential as natural resources to industrial success. Although scientific skills had relatively little place in most industrial enterprises until the late nineteenth century, they are now essential to the success of many industries. The skills in consideration here are the mental and physical capacities of individuals to do difficult tasks. These “genuine” skills are not necessarily the same as the “socially constructed” skills that are defined by job descriptions or established as barriers to control entry into a trade or profession. Among work skills, those of artisans are the most poorly re corded and are, consequently, the most difficult for historians to interpret; additionally, artisan’s skills are sometimes ignored, or even denigrated, by authors seeking to describe industrial work in terms of exploitation of workers or to inflate the accomplishments of inventors or entrepreneurs. Some skills that were essential in industrialization, sueh as those used in mining and burning coal, are hardly described in the historical record because they developed gradually and were difficult for observers to perceive. Firing a furnace with coal seems to be a simple, physically demanding task, but it requires judgment and experience to do well in a locomotive, a crucible steelworks, a glasshouse, or other heat-using industries. The stoker’s skill often went unrecognized until attempts were made to transfer technology dependent on burning coal elsewhere.

Empirical Studies in the Psychology of Religion: An Assessment of the Period 1960–1970

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Religious Behavior ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Personality Correlates ◽  
Definition Of Religion ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of

Developments in the psychology of religion during the 1960s are discussed. The upsurge in interest in the area since 1950 is noted. Special attention is given to advances in (1) the definition of religion; (2) the relation of religion and prejudice; and (3) personality correlates of religious behavior. However, it is suggested that the field still suffers from a paucity of experimental data, sampling deficiencies, the problem of legitimate control subjects, overenthusiastic generalization of findings, and lack of programmatic designs.

The Study of the Armenian Crisis of the late Ottoman Empire, or, “Seizing the Document by the Throat”

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 35-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selim Deringil
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Late Ottoman Empire ◽  
Late Ottoman ◽  
Second World

For a Turkish historian of the Ottoman Empire of the late nineteenth century, venturing into the Armenian crisis is like venturing into a minefield. It is fraught with dangers, the least of which is to be labeled a traitor by one's countrymen, and the worst of which is to be accused of being a “denialist” by one's Armenian colleagues. Even “balanced” analysis seems to have become politically incorrect of late, at least in some circles. The basic problem in the Armenian-Turkish polemic is that the sides do not actually address each other. They seize upon various capsule phrases, clichés and assumed political positions to heap opprobrium and abuse upon one another, to the point where we are confronted by something resembling a blood-feud. Thus Richard Hovanissian's obsession is to have the “Turkish side” admit, in a great ceremony of mea culpa, the claim of Genocide. On the other hand, Turkish historians and their like-minded foreign colleagues, at best, do contortionist acts to show that what happened to the Armenian people in 1915 does not fit the UN definition of genocide, which was fashioned after the Second World War to account for the Jewish Holocaust.

Space Law and Weapons in Space

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa'id Mosteshar
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
Outer Space Treaty ◽  
Space Weapons ◽  
Definition Of

Although legal principles to govern space were discussed as early as the mid-1950s, they were not formalized until the Outer Space Treaty (OST) 1967 was adopted and came into force. The OST establishes a number of principles affecting the placement of weapons in outer space. In particular it provides that “the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes” and prohibits the testing of any types of weapons on such bodies. More generally the OST forbids the placement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in outer space. In addition there are a number of disarmament treaties and agreements emanating from the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs and the Conference on Disarmament that are relevant to weapons in space. Although the disarmament provisions and international humanitarian laws place some restrictions on the use or manner of use of space weapons, none prohibit space weaponization. The absence of such prohibition is not due to many attempts over the years to prevent an arms race in space. Notable among these are Prevention of an Arms Race in Space Draft Treaty and the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Space Draft Treaty. In considering the laws affecting space weapons a fundamental question that arises is what constitutes a weapon and does its placement in space breach the requirement that outer space be used exclusively for peaceful purposes? As an example, does a satellite used to control and direct an armed drone breach the peaceful use provision of the OST? There may be risks that without international norms governments and substate groups may acquire and use armed drones in ways that threaten regional stability, laws of war, and the role of domestic rule of law in decisions to use force. Given their orbital velocity, any object in space could be a weapon with capability to destroy a satellite or other space object. There is also a growing population of dual-use satellites with military as well as civilian applications. These present great difficulty in arriving at a workable definition of a space weapon in the formulation of a generally acceptable treaty. In addition, there are divergent views of the meaning of peaceful use. Some, in particular the United States, consider the meaning to be “nonaggressive” rather than “nonmilitary.”

Consumer Welfare Theory as an Ethical Consideration:: An Essay on Hipsters, Invisible Feet, and the “Science” of Economics

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-528
Author(s):  
Darren Bush
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Antitrust Policy ◽  
Antitrust Enforcement ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Ethical Argument ◽  
Sherman Act ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Narrow View ◽  
Definition Of

This article outlines the principle of efficiency as taken from physics and misapplied into the realm of economics. The result of the misapplication has been a narrow view of antitrust policy, culminating in an extremely conservative application of the consumer welfare standard. The result of such policy has been increasing concentration in many industries, abdication of any examination of monopoly power in the context of Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and dogmatic defense of “consumer welfare” as the only scientific approach to antitrust law. Part II reviews of the original goals of antitrust, as viewed without the lens of present-day economic efficiency. These are policy goals as described in legislative history and judicial development of common law. As such, they are ethical considerations distinct from consumer welfare. In part III, the article discusses the central tenets of economics in antitrust policy. These central notions are policy considerations that are misapplications of physics. Part IV discusses the physics definition of efficiency, with some insights as to the issues arising from adopting such a standard in terms of antitrust markets. Part V addresses the failures of antitrust using the lens of physics, explaining that consumer welfare is an ethical argument, not a scientific one. Part VI addresses other potential ethical standards for antitrust enforcement, as well as empirical evidence that support such norms. Part VII offers concluding thoughts where the article argues that there are superior ethical norms that would boost antitrust enforcement and that are consistent with the goals of antitrust.

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