Youths’ Facial Appearance Distinguishes Leaders From Followers in Group-Perpetrated Criminal Offenses and Is Associated With Sentencing Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Sutherland ◽  
Ana M. Cojocariu ◽  
David M. Day ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Outcomes Study ◽  
Perceptions Of Leadership ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

Group-perpetrated crime often involves leaders and followers, but it is not currently understood how peer groups form around leaders during a criminal incident. Impression formation research has shown that specific facial cues are associated with leadership and perceptions of leadership. We extend this research to leadership among group-perpetrated youth crime and examine its role in downstream sentencing outcomes. Study 1 revealed that leaders of groups may be perceived as more dominant than their followers. In Study 2, participants were tasked with selecting the leaders from their groups and were more likely to (correctly) select targets perceived as more dominant but also (incorrectly) select targets perceived as more Trustworthy. In Study 3, we examined whether facial impressions were associated with downstream sentencing outcomes. Perceptions of Trustworthiness were associated with reduced sentencing, but dominance was unrelated. The results underscore the role that facial appearance plays in group formation and sentencing among youth.

Face Value: Facial Appearance and Assessments of Politicians

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Carpinella ◽  
Kerri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The facial appearance of political candidates provides information to voters that can be vital to the impression-formation process. Traditionally, psychological research in the field of appearance-based politics has concentrated on investigating whether politicians’ physical appearance impacts perceptions of them. Recently, the focus has shifted from examining whether facial cues matter for impression formation to determining (1) which facial cues matter for voters’ perceptions of politicians and (2) how such visual cues are utilized within the political decision-making process. This shift in research focus has ushered in an appreciation of facial competence and physical attractiveness, and it has been marked by a renewed interest in studying how gender stereotypes impact the influence of politician appearance on perceptions of male and female politicians. In addition, this renewed interest in studying underlying mechanisms in appearance-based politics has spurred on research that includes a broader range of downstream consequences such as evaluations of leadership potential, voting behavior, and even basic political party affiliation categorizations.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of faces in person perception: Increased reliance on facial appearance when judging sociability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Anthony M Evans ◽  
Marielle Stel ◽  
Ilja van Beest
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Emotional Expressiveness ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Job Candidates ◽  
Trait Impressions

Faces play a central role in person perception. People spontaneously judge others’ personality based on their facial appearance and these impressions guide many consequential decisions. Under what conditions do people rely on facial appearance? Here, we test whether reliance on facial appearance depends on the goal of impression formation (i.e., on which trait dimension targets are evaluated). Trait impressions are, to a large extent, based on the resemblance of facial cues to emotion expressions. As emotional expressiveness is a central component of sociability, we hypothesized that people would more readily perceive sociability in faces. Across three preregistered studies (N = 1,436), we find that facial appearance is indeed seen as more indicative of a person’s sociability than their morality or competence. We find the same pattern when examining the influence of facial cues on judgment and decision-making. People are more confident in the accuracy of their trait impressions when judging sociability (vs. morality or competence; Study 1, n = 527), they value information on the facial appearance of job candidates more when looking for a sociable (vs. moral or competent) employee (Study 2, n = 390), and they view reliance on facial appearance when making hiring decisions as more appropriate and more effective when looking for a sociable (vs. moral or competent) employee (Study 3, n = 519). Together, our results provide converging evidence that people view facial appearance as especially relevant for judging a person’s sociability.

scholarly journals EASILY ACCESSIBLE EVALUATIVE INFORMATION COULD FACILITATE OLDER ADULTS’ (BUT NOT ALL) TRUSTWORTHINESS JUDGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S855-S855
Author(s):  
Linlin Chen ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Correction Rate ◽  
Small Subgroup

Abstract Facial appearance served great function in social interactions, especially for older adults in making trustworthiness judgements. Previous literatures have consistently shown that when making trustworthiness judgements older adults tended to rely more on facial cues rather than behaviors, due to declines in cognition. However, one question remains unsolved, whether older adults could make accurate trustworthiness judgements if evaluative information (with minimal memory load) is easily accessible. Sixty younger adults (YAs) and sixty older adults (OAs) were recruited, and asked to make investment decisions for different brokers in ninety-six trials. In each trial, brokers’ facial appearance (trustworthy and untrustworthy looking) and different behavioral evaluative information (good: Ninety percent positive evaluations, neutral: Fifty percent positive evaluations, bad: Ninety percent negative evaluations) were displayed simultaneously on screen to facilitate investment decisions. Brokers’ facial appearances and behaviors were set to be independent to each other. The results indicated that YAs’ and the majority of OAs’ proportions of correct investment increase, gradually reaching a stable high correction rate, although OAs needed more trials than did YAs. The findings extended prior work by suggesting that both OAs and YAs had similar abilities to distinguish different brokers according to easily accessible evaluative information. However, and surprisingly, a small subgroup of OAs (with low economic status) still had a lower correction rate even after ninety-six trials, suggesting that they could not distinguish brokers based on their evaluations at all, who might be at risk for fraud.

scholarly journals Critical analysis of the object of the crime as an element of the corpus delicti

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Sergey Veklenko ◽  
Igor' Semchenkov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social System ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Internal Goods ◽  
Constituent Elements

The article provides evidence of the groundlessness of recognizing the object of a crime as an element of the corpus delicti. The substantiation of this conclusion in relation to such types of criminal offenses as preparation for a crime, attempted crime, incitement to a crime, aiding in a crime and the act of the organizer of a criminal offense is carried out by demonstrating that they do not even come into contact with the object of the crime and don’t have a direct impact on it. The proof that the object of the crime is not an integral part of the criminal act, expressed in causing harm, is carried out in two directions - in relation to crimes that harm the internal benefits of a person, for example, his life or health, and in relation to crimes that harm external benefits of people recognized as objects of criminal law protection, in particular, such as public order, public safety, etc. It is shown that the object of a crime in the form of a person’s internal goods cannot be a constituent part of a crime because these benefits are inside of their owner, and he himself is an element of some social group formation (social system), but not an element of a crime committed against him. The argument that external objects of a crime are not an integral part of a crime is based on the results of a detailed analysis of the process of causing harm. The results of such an analysis, carried out using the categories of the part and the whole, demonstrate the fundamental impossibility of isolating any constituent elements (parts) in the process of causing harm. In this process, it is possible to single out only certain of its phases and stages, but not its component parts.

scholarly journals DISCREPANCY BETWEEN FIRST IMPRESSION AND SOCIAL DESCRIPTION, AND ITS EFFECT ON PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Hiu Tung Tiffany Leung ◽  
Joanna Wincenciak
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Facial Trustworthiness ◽  
Compe Tence

Purpose: Both facial appearance and behaviors could respectively contribute to impression formation towards an indi- vidual. However, when there is congruence between information decoded from facial appearance and behaviors which may determine impression in different ways, effect of both factors will be altered. This study aimed to investigate the discrepancy between the information carried by the face, i.e. facial trustworthiness and social description, and how these two factors influence individuals’ attitude towards a newly-met person, and their judgment with regard to warmth and competence. Methodology: An experiment was conducted, asking participants to rate their impression in terms of warmth and compe- tence towards an individual whose facial appearance was manipulated either to be trustworthy or untrustworthy, and whose behavior was described in a short vignette. Main Findings: The results indicated that social description had a significant influence on both warmth and competence impressions. Facial trustworthiness had no effect. It was also discovered that competence was found to be generally judged more positive than warmth, which implied judgment of warmth was made more reservedly. Implications: The study would serve as an antecedent to further investigation on managing people’s impression towards oneself, in which such management aids in developing and maintaining positive personal relationship amongst human beings. The study will demonstrate a new vision to the researchers in cognition and perception on exploring approaches to define the mechanism involved in impression formation or attitude. Novelty: Researchers trust that currently there is still no related research that would determine the direction and strength of effect from facial trustworthiness and social description.

scholarly journals Looking Leadership in the Face

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Antonakis ◽  
Dawn L. Eubanks
Keyword(s):  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
The Face ◽  
Credible Information ◽  
Selection Of

Given what we know about the predictors of leaders’ ability, facial appearance should play a small or a very limited role in observers’ selection of leaders; however, research convincingly shows otherwise. The more distant observers are from leaders or the less information they have about them, the more likely they are to use whatever information is available—including the target’s looks—to make inferences about a leader’s character and competence. In this article, we review which consequential leadership outcomes are predicted by facial appearance. We explain why observers are inclined to make heuristic decisions using facial cues, discuss whether facial appearance carries credible information, and identify the conditions that may attenuate face effects.

scholarly journals Who Can Be Fooled? Modeling Perceptions of Gullibility from Facial Appearance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Erdem Ozan Meral
Keyword(s):  
Data Driven ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Levels

In many situations, ranging from cooperative exchange to fraud, people are faced with the challenge to judge how trusting or naïve (i.e., gullible) others are. In three studies, using both theory-driven and data-driven methods, we examine how people form gullibility judgments based on a person’s facial appearance. People have a shared representation of what a gullible person looks like. Gullibility impressions are positively related to trustworthiness impressions, but negatively related to dominance impressions (Study 1, n = 254). Examining the influence of a wide range of facial characteristics, we find that gullibility impressions are based on cues that have been linked to low levels of perceived threat, such as babyfacedness (Study 2, n = 403) and smiles (Study 3, n = 209). Together, these findings show that people form gullibility judgments based on facial cues that are seen as indicators of relative harmlessness (i.e., positive intentions and low capabilities).

Sulfhydryl bond formation is a prerequisite for proper cycling of centrosomes and chromosomes in mammalian tissue culture cells

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
Heide Schatten ◽  
Neidhard Paweletz ◽  
Ron Balczon
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Mammalian Tissue ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Tissue Culture Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron

To study the role of sulfhydryl group formation during cell cycle progression, mammalian tissue culture cells (PTK2) were exposed to 100¼M 2-mercaptoethanol for 2 to 6 h during their exponential phase of growth. The effects of 2-mercaptoethanol on centrosomes, chromosomes, microtubules, membranes and intermediate filaments were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) methods using a human autoimmune antibody directed against centrosomes (SPJ), and a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against tubulin (E7). Chromosomes were affected most by this treatment: premature chromosome condensation was detected in interphase nuclei, and the structure in mitotic chromosomes was altered compared to control cells. This would support previous findings in dividing sea urchin cells in which chromosomes are arrested at metaphase while the centrosome splitting cycle continues. It might also support findings that certairt-sulfhydryl-blocking agents block cyclin destruction. The organization of the microtubule network was scattered probably due to a looser organization of centrosomal material at the interphase centers and at the mitotic poles.

Stratilying the risk of clinical upper Gl events in NSAID users: Results from a double-blind outcomes study

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A105-A105 ◽  
Author(s):  
L LAINE ◽  
C HAWKEY ◽  
C BOMBARDIER ◽  
D SHAPIRO ◽  
A REICIN
Keyword(s):  
Double Blind ◽  
Outcomes Study
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