Predicting Prison Misconducts

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL GENDREAU ◽  
CLAIRE E. GOGGIN ◽  
MOIRA A. LAW
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Antisocial Attitudes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

A meta-analysis was conducted on 39 studies that generated 695 correlations with prison misconducts. Predictors of prison misconducts were grouped into 16 domains as follows: (a) personal characteristics ( n = 9), (b) situational factors ( n = 3), and (c) actuarial measures of antisocial personality and risk ( n = 4). Personal and situational variables were similar in their ability to predict prison misconduct. Within these two categories, antisocial attitudes and behavior (e.g., companions, prison adjustment), criminal history, and institutional factors were the strongest predictors. Among actuarial measures, an interview-based risk protocol produced the highest correlations with prison misconducts. The prediction of violent misconducts was associated with greater effect sizes than nonviolent misconducts. Despite the limitations of the database, several recommendations for assessing prison misconducts appear warranted.

Changes in Young People's Sexual Behavior and Attitudes, 1943–1999: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke E. Wells ◽  
Jean M. Twenge
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Sexual Attitudes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

A cross-temporal meta-analysis of 530 studies ( N = 269,649) showed that young people's sexual attitudes and behavior changed substantially between 1943 and 1999, with the largest shifts occurring among girls and young women. Both young men and women became more sexually active over time, as measured by age at first intercourse (decreasing from 19 to 15 years among young women) and percentage sexually active (increasing from 13% to 47% among young women). Attitudes toward premarital intercourse became more lenient, with approval increasing from 12% to 73% among young women and from 40% to 79% among young men. Feelings of sexual guilt decreased. The correlation between attitudes and behaviors was stronger among young women. These data support theories positing that culture has a larger effect on women's sexuality.

Intellectual, Academic, and Behavioral Functioning of Students with High-Incidence Disabilities: A Cross-Categorical Meta-Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Sabornie ◽  
Douglas Cullinan ◽  
Susan S. Osborne ◽  
Lynne B. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Functioning ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Students With Ld ◽  
High Incidence Disabilities ◽  
Behavior Characteristics ◽  
And Behavior

A meta-analysis of 58 studies was performed in which IQ, academic achievement, and behavior characteristics were examined across students with learning disabilities (LD), mild intellectual disabilities (MID), and emotional/behavioral disabilities (E/BD). The effect sizes between students with LD and MID were the largest in the domains of IQ and academic achievement, and the differences involving pupils with E/BD versus those with LD and MID were largest in the behavior realm. Very little disparity was found when comparing (a) those with LD and students with E/BD on IQ measures, and (b) pupils with LD and those with MID in behavior. Implications for cross-categorical and noncategorical special education are discussed.

A Retrospective Study of Similarities and Differences between Men and Women Employees in a Job-Based Alcoholism Program from 1965–1977

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Beyer ◽  
Harrison M. Trice
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Interpersonal Interaction ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Program Outcomes ◽  
Job Status ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Drinking Problems ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Women Employees

The literature was reviewed to identify factors on which men and women have been found to differ that could affect their experiences and success in job-based alcoholism programs. Factors found fell into three categories: personal characteristics, patterns of interpersonal interaction, and situational factors. Records of a large corporate alcoholism program provided data on interactions, situations, and outcomes for all employees who had been in the program over a 13-year period. The results of bivariate analyses of data on a sample of 377 cases showed that men and women who had been in this program differed in interaction patterns and situational variables. Women employees evoked more interactions about their drinking problems than men, and tended to have more solitary home situations and different work statuses. However, overall program outcomes did not differ significantly between men and women on such criteria as job performance, relapses, or attendance. Multivariate analyses of the correlates of program outcomes revealed that, although men and women differed on some details of how interventions and treatment were handled, successful cases of both sexes had been in the program longer, had experienced less labelling in terms of frequency of treatment and interventions, and had greater investments in their jobs in terms of job status or seniority.

Which Behaviors Do Attitudes Predict? Meta-Analyzing the Effects of Social Pressure and Perceived Difficulty

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Wallace ◽  
René M. Paulson ◽  
Charles G. Lord ◽  
Charles F. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Theoretical Hypothesis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Attitude Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

A meta-analysis of 797 studies and 1,001 effect sizes tested a theoretical hypothesis that situational constraints, such as perceived social pressure and perceived difficulty, weaken the relationship between attitudes and behavior. This hypothesis was confirmed for attitudes toward performing behaviors and for attitudes toward issues and social groups. Meta-analytic estimates of attitude-behavior correlations served to quantify these moderating effects. The present results indicated that the mean attitude-behavior correlation was .41 when people experienced a mean level of social pressure to perform a behavior of mean difficulty. The mean correlation was .30 when people experienced social pressure 1 standard deviation above the mean to perform a behavior that was 1 standard deviation more difficult than the mean. The results suggest a need for increased attention to the “behavior” side of the attitude-behavior equation. Attitudes predict some behaviors better than others.

How is safety climate formed? A meta-analysis of the antecedents of safety climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 124-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yimin He ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Stephanie C. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Safety Climate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Interactions ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Organizational Safety ◽  
Industry Studies

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive quantitative review of research to date on the antecedents of psychological and organizational safety climate. Building upon and expanding Zohar’s conceptual model, antecedents were organized into three broad categories: situational factors, interpersonal interactions, and personal factors. Data were gleaned from 136 primary studies to calculate effect sizes for 38 antecedents and the relative importance of each antecedent within the three categories. Antecedent effect sizes were generally homologous for psychological and organizational safety climate, with the strongest effect sizes for interpersonal interactions followed by organizational climate and leadership. The magnitude of the safety climate antecedent effect sizes tended to be stronger in health-care industry studies and varied inconsistently as a function of the industry-specific nature of the safety climate measure. This meta-analysis provides a much needed summary of the research to date in an effort to guide future research and practice on the development and improvement of safety climate in organizations.

scholarly journals Three Decades of Research on Induced Hypocrisy: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1681-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Priolo ◽  
Audrey Pelt ◽  
Roxane St. Bauzel ◽  
Lolita Rubens ◽  
Dimitri Voisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Change Effect ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Induced hypocrisy is a sequential, two-step, cognitive dissonance procedure that prompts individuals to adopt a proattitudinal behavior. The present meta-analysis of 29 published and nine unpublished induced-hypocrisy studies enabled us to test three key dissonance-related issues. First, is hypocrisy effective in promoting change in behavioral intention and behavior? Our analyses supported the idea that hypocrisy (vs. control) increased both behavioral intention and behavior. Second, does hypocrisy generate psychological discomfort? Results pertaining to this issue were inconclusive due to the small number of studies measuring psychological discomfort. Third, are both steps necessary to generate change? Effect sizes conform to the idea that the transgressions-only condition can increase both behavior and intention. Our meta-analysis raises a number of theoretical issues concerning the psychological processes underlying induced hypocrisy and highlights implications for practitioners.

Sex Differences in Political Attitudes and Behavior: The Case for Situational Factors

1977 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent L. Tedin ◽  
David W. Brady ◽  
Arnold Vedlitz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document