Migration Networks: A Case Study in the Philippines

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Migration System ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government

International labor migration has been a major feature of the Philippine political economy the past twenty years. Originally envisioned by the government as a temporary measure to ease domestic employment pressure and stimulate industrialization, migration has persisted in the face of declining wages and abusive recruitment practices. Dynamic movement patterns have emerged that include a variety of destinations and occupations, drawing both males and females from widely diverse backgrounds. Focusing upon the experiences of a small community, this study suggests that contract labor is best understood within the migration process, linking global economic formations and domestic policy to internal structures in sending communities. The community experience reveals that economic forces and government policy are necessary conditions to establish potential migration, but actual flows are initiated and shaped by a migration system consisting of interpersonal relationships. What becomes more visible at the community level are the distinct phases of overseas employment, or periods of time dominated by particular types of migration and varying potential to achieve economic gains from such. The emergence and evolution of networks are analyzed for their role in shaping patterns of labor migration.

Conceptualizing International Labor Migration: A Structuration Perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Goss ◽  
Bruce Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
Theory Of Structuration ◽  
International Labor Migration

This article applies the theory of structuration to international labor migration using case study material from the Philippines. It first provides a brief review of the functional and structural approaches to understanding labor migration and the theoretical impasse that has been created between them. It then reviews several attempts to resolve this impasse, including systems and networks approaches; these solutions are rejected on theoretical and empirical grounds. We suggest that migrant institutions may be a more appropriate mid-level concept than households or social networks to articulate various levels of analysis. We develop this concept in the context of the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens and attempt to apply this to the Philippines, concluding that this framework is eminently suited for further research on international labor migration.

scholarly journals International Labor Migration and Remittances in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-180
Author(s):  
Renuka Kumari Karki
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Government

International migration and remittance are major areas of population and development. This study identifies the trend and destination of foreign labor migration in Nepal and highlights the flow of remittance status and its contribution to the gross domestic product in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data collected from the various national and international organizations. Migration from Nepal has expanded tremendously since the mid-1990s, accompanied by a continuous broadening of the variety of destinations. Nepal has observed a rapid increase of absent population over census periods. International migration for work has changed significantly as is evident in the growing outflow of temporary migration of youths, both men and women, to work in newly emerging economies like Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Emigration has come to be recognized as an important factor both for changing ways of life of people and for the positive contribution to the nation’s economy. In terms of remittance inflows as percent of GDP, Nepal is the third largest remittance receiver in the world. Taking all these factors into consideration, the only problem with it is that; until now, the government only seems to have adopted policies to encourage youth to find employment opportunities and provide remittance in turn but not for them to invest in productive sector to create more jobs and to retain working age population within the country.

scholarly journals Budget Tax Revenues and Losses from External Labor Migration in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-203
Author(s):  
M. O. Kakaulina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Excise Tax ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
International Labor ◽  
International Labor Migration ◽  
The Government

One of the reasons behind declining budget revenues can be external migration. This article aims to describe the methodology for estimation of tax losses and revenues from international labor migration for specific types of taxes. Changes in personal income tax revenues are estimated by using the data on the number of labor emigrants (immigrants) for specific occupations, nominal gross monthly wage of employees in this occupation in Russia, standard child tax deductions and the corresponding personal income tax rate for residents (non-residents). Changes in VAT and excise tax revenues caused by the current trends in labor migration are estimated in accordance with the structure of household consumption. The amount of tax revenues (and losses) is calculated as the product of the sum of VAT and excise tax payments made by one member of a household per year when buying goods, works and services on the territory of Russia, and the number of emigrants (or immigrants). The research uses the data provided by Rosstat, Federal Tax Service of Russia and the Analytical Centre under the Government of the Russian Federation for 2012–2017. The conclusion is made that international migration has a negative impact on the tax revenues of the country’s consolidated state budget. Although, throughout the whole of the given period, the balance of additional revenues from VAT, excise taxes and the personal income tax (PIT) on earned income and budget losses from these taxes remained positive, in absolute terms, this balance decreased significantly. Trends in international labor migration affected the balance of tax losses and revenues. Therefore, the government’s attempts to target international labor migration by reforming the tax legislation seem quite reasonable: the upcoming tax reforms will include the introduction of the concept ‘centre of vital interests’ as the second criterion of residence and equalization of the PIT rate for tax residents and non-residents. The proposed methodology can thus prove to be an effective tool for the Federal Tax Service of Russia to estimate the resulting changes in tax revenues as well as other changes related to labor migration processes.

scholarly journals Study of Electrostatic Field Responses of Locally Marketed Face Masks in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 2071 (1) ◽  
pp. 012055
Author(s):  
J Esmeria ◽  
P N Fernandez ◽  
G G Oyong
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
The Government

Abstract The face mask is the first line of defense against infectious particulates and droplets that may cause illness. Currently in the Philippines, the wearing of face mask is compulsory whenever citizens leave their residences as mandated by the government to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. The wearing of face masks has become a new normal among Filipinos. This created market opportunities for different types which became commonly and immediately available for purchase. This study aimed to differentiate the effectiveness of locally available face masks in terms of electrostatic filtration capability. Twelve different types of face masks grouped into five categories – surgical, fabric, N95 variants, foam type, and novelty type – were evaluated. Electrostatic fields were measured from each face mask including pore sizes via scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, by utilizing the estimated charge and mass of the SARS-CoV-2 virion, the transmission rate was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics®. It was observed that face masks with negatively charged materials combined with small pore sizes afforded less particle transmission. The results of this study are of timely significance in potentially laying out public awareness in the selection and utilization of face masks that can provide foremost shielding against viral transmission.

scholarly journals External labor migration from Ukraine: causes, scale, consequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Viktoria Apalkova ◽  
Anna Lyzunova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
International Labor ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Government ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – to study the causes and consequences of migration processes. The results of the study. This article presents the results of an analysis of the dynamics and current state of labor migration processes in Ukraine. The authors evaluated the impact of international labor migration on the country's economy. The causes of labor migration, its positive and negative consequences are characterized. This study examines and summarizes the global experience in regulating external migration flows to foreign countries. The authors suggested directions for improving the system of regulation of external labor migration, as well as measures to promote on its of use as an important element of economic development based on the analysis. Practical implications. The results of this paper can become the basis for the formation of migration policy of Ukraine according with European standards. Originality/Value. This paper is expanded of  the concept of the main directions and the principles of state migration policy, which the government of Ukraine must adhere to when forming it, has been. Research limitations/Future research. It is advisable to direct further research towards a quantitative analysis of the composition, structure and national characteristics of labor migrants.   Paper type – empirical.  

scholarly journals CONSEQUENCES OF NEPALESE YOUTH MIGRATION TO OVERSEAS FOR FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Pankaj Das
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Youth Migration ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Level

Nepal is an agricultural country, where migration is increasing for foreign employment. Majority of workers from Asia mostly from Nepal migrate to Middle East countries. Migrant workers working in these countries suffer from work related risk like accidents at workplace and mental sickness. Foreign migration has shifted the agricultural economy towards remittance economy. Lack of education and limited employment opportunities are the main reasons behind international labor migration. The issue of such migration needs to be addressed at the government level, to assist in managing and promoting safe migration in an effective way.Keywords: Foreign Employment, Health risks. Migration

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