Load frequency control in the presence of simultaneous cyber-attack and participation of demand response program

Simultaneous investigation of demand response programs and false data injection cyber-attack are critical issues for the smart power system frequency regulation. To this purpose, in this paper, the output of the studied system is simultaneously divided into two subsystems: one part including false data injection cyder-attack and another part without cyder-attack. Then, false data injection cyber-attack and load disturbance are estimated by a non-linear sliding mode observer, simultaneously and separately. After that, demand response is incorporated in the uncertain power system to compensate the whole or a part of the load disturbance based on the available electrical power in the aggregators considering communication time delay. Finally, active disturbance rejection control is modified and introduced to remove the false data injection cyber-attack and control the uncompensated load disturbance. The salp swarm algorithm is used to design the parameters. The results of several simulation scenarios indicate the efficient performance of the proposed method.

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On design of a non-linear sliding mode load frequency control of interconnected power system with communication time delay

2015 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA) ◽

10.1109/cca.2015.7320830 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sheetla Prasad ◽

Shubhi Purwar ◽

Nand Kishor

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Power System ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Interconnected Power System ◽

Load Frequency ◽

Communication Time ◽

Non Linear

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Sliding mode controller design for frequency regulation in an interconnected power system

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems ◽

10.1186/s41601-021-00183-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anand Kumar ◽

Md Nishat Anwar ◽

Shekhar Kumar

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Controller Design ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Design Method ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Frequency Regulation ◽

Sliding Mode Controller ◽

Random Loading ◽

Interconnected Power System

AbstractIn this paper, a Sliding mode controller design method for frequency regulation in an interconnected power system is presented. A sliding surface having four parameters has been selected for the load frequency control (LFC) system model. In order to achieve an optimal result, the parameter of the controller is obtained by grey wolf optimization (GWO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. The objective function for optimization has been considered as the integral of square of error of deviation in frequency and tie-line power exchange. The method has been validated through simulation of a single area as well as a multi-area power system. The performance of the Sliding mode controller has also been analyzed for parametric variation and random loading patterns. The performance of the proposed method is better than recently reported methods. The performance of the proposed Sliding mode controller via GWO has 88.91% improvement in peak value of frequency deviation over the method of Anwar and Pan in case study 1 and similar improvement has been observed over different case studies taken from the literature.

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Cybersecurity Analysis of Load Frequency Control in Power Systems: A Survey

Designs ◽

10.3390/designs5030052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Sahaj Saxena ◽

Sajal Bhatia ◽

Rahul Gupta

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Security Analysis ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Frequency Regulation ◽

Primary Control ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Load Frequency ◽

Communication Time

Today, power systems have transformed considerably and taken a new shape of geographically distributed systems from the locally centralized systems thereby leading to a new infrastructure in the framework of networked control cyber-physical system (CPS). Among the different important operations to be performed for smooth generation, transmission, and distribution of power, maintaining the scheduled frequency, against any perturbations, is an important one. The load frequency control (LFC) operation actually governs this frequency regulation activity after the primary control. Due to CPS nature, the LFC operation is vulnerable to attacks, both from physical and cyber standpoints. The cyber-attack strategies ranges from a variety of attacks such as jamming the network communication, time-delay attack, and false data injection. Motivated by these perspectives, this paper studies the cybersecurity issues of the power systems during the LFC operation, and a survey is conducted on the security analysis of LFC. Various cyber-attack strategies, their mathematical models, and vulnerability assessments are performed to understand the possible threats and sources causing failure of frequency regulation. The LFC operation of two-area power systems is considered as a tutorial example to quantify the vulnerabilities. Mitigation strategies through control theoretic approaches are then reviewed and highlighted for LFC operation under cyber-attack.

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Improved Sliding Mode Design for Load Frequency Control of Power System Integrated an Adaptive Learning Strategy

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics ◽

10.1109/tie.2017.2694396 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (8) ◽

pp. 6742-6751 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Chaoxu Mu ◽

Yufei Tang ◽

Haibo He

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Adaptive Learning ◽

Learning Strategy ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency ◽

Mode Design

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On the Contribution of Wind Farms in Automatic Generation Control: Review and New Control Approach

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8101848 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1848 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Arman Oshnoei ◽

Rahmat Khezri ◽

SM Muyeen ◽

Frede Blaabjerg

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Wind Turbine ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Wind Farms ◽

Automatic Generation ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Automatic Generation Control ◽

Frequency Regulation ◽

Proportional Integral ◽

Generation Control

Wind farms can contribute to ancillary services to the power system, by advancing and adopting new control techniques in existing, and also in new, wind turbine generator systems. One of the most important aspects of ancillary service related to wind farms is frequency regulation, which is partitioned into inertial response, primary control, and supplementary control or automatic generation control (AGC). The contribution of wind farms for the first two is well addressed in literature; however, the AGC and its associated controls require more attention. In this paper, in the first step, the contribution of wind farms in supplementary/load frequency control of AGC is overviewed. As second step, a fractional order proportional-integral-differential (FOPID) controller is proposed to control the governor speed of wind turbine to contribute to the AGC. The performance of FOPID controller is compared with classic proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control method in the frequency regulation of a two-area power system. Furthermore, the effect of penetration level of wind farms on the load frequency control is analyzed.

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Adaptive Integral Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Design for Load Frequency Control of Large-Scale Power System with Communication Delays

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2021/5564184 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Anh-Tuan Tran ◽

Bui Le Ngoc Minh ◽

Phong Thanh Tran ◽

Van Van Huynh ◽

Van-Duc Phan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sliding Mode Control ◽

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

System Performance ◽

Large Scale ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Communication Delays ◽

Second Order Sliding Mode

Nowadays, the power systems are getting more and more complicated because of the delays introduced by the communication networks. The existence of the delays usually leads to the degradation and/or instability of power system performance. On account of this point, the traditional load frequency control (LFC) approach for power system sketches a destabilizing impact and an unacceptable system performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a new LFC based on adaptive integral second-order sliding mode control (AISOSMC) approach for the large-scale power system with communication delays (LSPSwCD). First, a new linear matrix inequality is derived to ensure the stability of whole power systems using Lyapunov stability theory. Second, an AISOSMC law is designed to ensure the finite time reachability of the system states. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the AISOSMC is designed for LFC of the LSPSwCD. In addition, the report of testing results presents that the suggested LFC based on AISOSMC can not only decrease effectively the frequency variation but also make successfully less in mount of power oscillation/fluctuation in tie-line exchange.

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Application of full order sliding mode control based on different areas power system with load frequency control

ISA Transactions ◽

10.1016/j.isatra.2019.01.036 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 92 ◽

pp. 23-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jianping Guo

Keyword(s):

Sliding Mode Control ◽

Power System ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Mode Control ◽

Load Frequency

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Ant lion optimized hybrid intelligent PID-based sliding mode controller for frequency regulation of interconnected multi-area power systems

Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control ◽

10.1177/0142331219892728 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (9) ◽

pp. 1594-1617

Author(s):

Gomaa Haroun AH ◽

Yin-Ya Li

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Power System ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Photovoltaic System ◽

Frequency Regulation ◽

Sliding Mode Controller ◽

Physical Constraints ◽

Optimization Task ◽

Suggested Technique ◽

Ant Lion

In this article, a novel hybrid intelligent Proportional Integral Derivative (PID)-based sliding mode controller (IPID-SMC) is proposed to solve the LFC problem for realistic interconnected multi-area power systems. The optimization task for best-regulating parameters of the suggested controller structure is fulfilled by the ant lion optimizer (ALO) technique. To assess the usefulness and practicability of the suggested ALO optimized IPID-SMC controller, three test systems – that is, four-area hybrid power system, two-area reheat thermal-photovoltaic system and two-area multi-sources power system – are employed. Different nonlinearities such as generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead band (GDB) as a provenance of physical constraints are taken into account in the model of the two-area multi-sources power systems to examine the ability of the proposed strategy for handling the practical challenges. The acceptability and novelty of the ALO-based IPID-SMC controller to solve the systems mentioned above are appraised in comparison with some recently reported approaches. The specifications of time-domain simulation disclose that the designed proposed controller provides a desirable level of performance and stability compared with other existing strategies. Furthermore, to check the robustness of the suggested technique, sensitivity analysis is fulfilled by varying the operating loading conditions and plant parameters within a particular tolerable range.

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