First Comes Cohabitation and then Comes Marriage?

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1065-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
WENDY D. MANNING ◽  
PAMELA J. SMOCK
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Family Growth ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Cohabiting Couples ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Recent evidence indicates an overall retreat from marriage. Cohabitation has contributed to this trend as cohabiting unions are increasingly not resulting in marriage. As an initial step in understanding why some cohabiting couples do not marry, the authors examine factors associated with cohabitors' marriage expectations. The authors focus particularly on the effects of socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity because prior research has suggested that the retreat from marriage in the United States has been more marked among Blacks than among non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics and also for those of lower socioeconomic status. Using the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, we find Black cohabiting women have lower odds of expecting marriage. However, for all race and ethnic groups the probability of expecting to marry depends on men's socioeconomic position.

scholarly journals Assessment of school readiness of children and factors associated with risk of inadequate school readiness in Ujjain, India: an observational study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. e000509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Shrivastava ◽  
Vandana Patil ◽  
Madhavi Shelke ◽  
Madhura Anvikar ◽  
Aditya Mathur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Quantile Regression ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Number Concept ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Early Number

ObjectiveSchool readiness is a condition or state indicating that the child is ready to learn in a formal educational set-up. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with school readiness in urban schoolchildren in Ujjain, India.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2016 to March 2017. Two English-medium schools were conveniently selected. All children aged 5–7 years were eligible to participate. A subscale of Differential Ability Scales-Second Edition, namely ‘school readiness scale’, was used to assess school readiness in three major domains—early number concept, matching letter-like forms and phonological processing. Data on factors associated with school readiness were collected through parent interview. Quantile regression analysis was used to explore school readiness scores.ResultsThis study included 203 school-going children (105 boys and 98 girls) having a mean (SD) age of 67.7 (±0.51) months. The phonological processing and matching letter-like forms had 31.5% and 30.5% children, respectively, in lower quantiles (≤25th). The higher quantile (≥75th) scores were achieved for phonological processing and early number concept (47.7% and 44.8% children, respectively). The results of quantile regression showed negative association of school readiness scores with age of children, lower socioeconomic status and hospitalisation status, especially in the lower quantiles (≤25th). The 10th, 50th and 75th quantile scores were positively correlated with the increasing education status of the mother. Birth weight was positively associated with the median and higher quantile scores (≥75th).ConclusionsSchool readiness in a middle-class urban setting in India was negatively associated with lower age of the child, lower socioeconomic status, hospitalisation and positively correlated with increasing birth weight and maternal education. Lower quantile scores were achieved in matching letter-like forms, which measures complex visual–spatial processing, and phonological ability, which correlates with acquired verbal concepts. Focused interventions are needed to improve these skills.

Abstract P170: Cardiovascular-related Pregnancy Complications: Associations With Health Behaviors And Mental Health During The Covid-19 Pandemic

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E Phipps ◽  
Machelle D Wilson ◽  
Imo A Ebong ◽  
Herman L Hedriana ◽  
Leigh Ann Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
African American ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Fetal Outcomes ◽  
White Race ◽  
Uncomplicated Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Pregnancies with cardiovascular (CV) complications are more likely to involve additional complications, poorer short and long-term health, and worse fetal outcomes. Additionally, CV complications are associated with poorer mental health, lower socioeconomic status, and non-White race/ethnicity. The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative effects on mental well-being and disproportionately affects people of lower socioeconomic status and non-White race/ethnicity. Thus, we hypothesized that the pandemic would differentially affect pregnant people with and without CV complications. We performed a cross-sectional survey of 465 pregnant people in California from June 6 through July 29, 2020. Twenty-three participants reported CV complications (e.g., hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes) and 29 participants reported non-CV complications. The CV group was 56.5% (13 of 23) Latinx and 43.5% (10 of 23) White versus the uncomplicated pregnancy group, which was 33.7% (137 of 407) Latinx and 66.3% (270 of 407) White (chi-square, p=0.03; 6 respondents did not answer). The CV complications group was 9.5% (2 of 21) African American and the uncomplicated pregnancy group was 4.9% (19 of 392) African American (Fisher’s Exact, p=0.053; 23 respondents did not answer). We assessed 64 health behaviors reported on a Likert scale with the Wilcoxon 2-Sample Test and found the CV group reported more health-promoting behaviors, including: less likely to eat sweets (p=0.004), more likely to sanitize frequently used areas in their homes and their groceries (p=0.049 and 0.069, respectively). However, they were also more likely to smoke cigarettes (p=0.02). While the two groups did not differ significantly on stress, depression, or anxiety, the CV group was more likely to worry that their babies may be hospitalized after birth (p=0.01) and their provider may be unavailable during delivery (p=0.047). Concerns for self and baby trended towards significance for the CV group, which reported being more likely to worry about getting sick (p=0.077) and their babies being born early (p=0.079) or getting sick (p=0.098). While preliminary, these data suggest that COVID-19 disproportionately affects pregnant people with prenatal CV complications. Given limited research on pregnancy during COVID-19 and the primary focus on biological outcomes, these findings indicate a clear need to address the pandemic’s influence on behavioral and emotional health during pregnancy - especially for those with CV complications who are at higher risk of poor maternal and fetal outcomes.

Racial Disparities and Outcomes After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation as Bridge to Transplantation or Destination Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis K. Okoh ◽  
Olivia Chan ◽  
Molly Schultheis ◽  
Setri Fugar ◽  
Nathan Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Destination Therapy ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Assist Device ◽  
Ventricular Assist ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Left Ventricular Assist

Objective We sought to investigate outcomes after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in advanced heart failure patients stratified by race. Methods Patients who had LVADs inserted at a single center as a bridge to transplant (BTT) or destination therapy (DT) were divided into 3 groups based on race: Caucasian, African American (AA), and Hispanic. Postoperative outcomes including complications, discharge disposition, and survival at defined time points were compared. Cox proportional hazards were used to identify factors associated with 1-year all-cause survival. Results A total of 158 patients who had LVADs as BTT ( n = 63) and DT ( n = 95) were studied. Of these, 56% ( n = 89) were Caucasians, 35% ( n = 55) were AA, and 9% ( n = 14) were Hispanics. AA patients had higher BMI and lower socioeconomic status and educational level, and were more likely to be single or divorced. Operative outcomes were similar among all 3 groups. Unadjusted 30-day, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates for Caucasians versus AA versus Hispanics were 82% versus 89% versus 93%, P = 0.339; 74% versus 80% versus 71%, P = 0.596; 67% versus 76% versus 71%, P = 0.511; and 56% versus 62% versus 68%, P = 0.797. On multivariate analysis, device-related infection, malfunction, and abnormal rhythm were factors associated with overall all-cause mortality. Conclusion AA patients who undergo LVAD implantation as BTT or DT have lower socioeconomic status and educational level compared to their Caucasian or Hispanic counterparts. These differences, however, do not translate into postimplant survival outcomes.

scholarly journals Why Is Infant Mortality Higher in the United States than in Europe?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Chen ◽  
Emily Oster ◽  
Heidi Williams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Differential Reporting

The United States has higher infant mortality than peer countries. In this paper, we combine microdata from the United States with similar data from four European countries to investigate this US infant mortality disadvantage. The US disadvantage persists after adjusting for potential differential reporting of births near the threshold of viability. While the importance of birth weight varies across comparison countries, relative to all comparison countries the United States has similar neonatal (<1 month) mortality but higher postneonatal (1–12 months) mortality. We document similar patterns across census divisions within the United States. The postneonatal mortality disadvantage is driven by poor birth outcomes among lower socioeconomic status individuals. (JEL I12, I14, I32, J14)

scholarly journals Nowhere to Go: Parents' Descriptions of Children's Physical Activity During a Global Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Perez ◽  
Janelle K. Thalken ◽  
Nzubechukwu E. Ughelu ◽  
Camilla J. Knight ◽  
William V. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Exact Effect ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Background: Schools and outdoor public spaces play a substantial role in children's physical activity. Yet, the COVID-19 shelter-in-place mandates bound many children to their available home spaces for learning, movement, and development. The exact effect this mandate had on children's physical activity may vary among families.Objective: To understand, from the perspective of parents, how the COVID-19 shelter-in-place mandates affected children's physical activity, while also considering families' socioeconomic status.Design: Open-ended survey.Setting: Online.Method: Data were collected from 321 parents living in the United States of America. Parents answered an open-ended prompt to describe their children's physical activity during COVID-19 shelter-in-place mandates. Following data collection, inductive and deductive content analysis examined patterns in the data.Results: Analyses indicated that shelter-in-place mandates restricted children's opportunities for physical activity. However, if families had access to outdoor spaces or equipment, they could encourage and support more physical activity opportunities than those without. Families in the lower-income bracket had less access to outdoor space and subsequently those children had fewer opportunities to be physically active. Parents supported their children's physical activity through their involvement and encouragement.Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of access to outdoor spaces and equipment for increasing children's physical activity. Findings can be used by educators and policymakers to equitably support families of lower socioeconomic status who reported less access to outdoor spaces.

Abstract 15131: National Rates and Trends of Tobacco and Substance Use Disorders Among Atrial Fibrillation Hospitalizations in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
devina adalja ◽  
Rajkumar P Doshi ◽  
Mihir Dave ◽  
Monil Majmundar ◽  
Ashish Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
P Value ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Increased Risk

Introduction: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) has been associated with various behavioral risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and/or substance abuse. Hypothesis: The main objective is to describe the national trends and burden of tobacco and substance abuse in AF hospitalizations. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample database from 2007 to 2015 was utilized and the hospitalizations with AF were identified using the international classification of disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 427.31 in the primary diagnosis column. They were stratified into without abuse, tobacco use disorder (TUD), substance use disorder (SUD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and drug use disorder (DUD). We used the Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test to analyze the trend in this study. Results: Out of 3,631,507 AF hospitalizations, 852,110 (23.46%) had TUD, 1851,170 (5.1%) had SUD, 155,681 (4.29%) had AUD and 42,667 (1.17%) had DUD. The trends of all increased substantially during the study period (Figure) . The prevalence of TUD, SUD, AUD, and DUD was substantially increased across all age groups, races, and gender during the study period. Female sex was associated with lower odds TUD (0.57 (0.56-0.57), P-value <0.001), SUD (0.27 (0.26-0.27), P-value <0.001), AUD (0.22 (0.22-0.22), P-value <0.001), and DUD (0.51 (0.5-0.52), P-value <0.001). Among AF hospitalizations, the black race was associated with higher odds of SUD (1.12 (1.1-1.14), P-value <0.001), and DUD(1.42 (1.38-1.47), P-value <0.001). The younger age group (18-35 years), male, Medicare/Medicaid as primary insurance, and lower socioeconomic status were associated with increased risk of both TUD and SUDs. Conclusions: Tobacco and substance use disorder among hospitalized AF patients in the US mainly affects males, younger individuals, white more than black, and those of lower socioeconomic status which demands the development of preventive strategies to address multilevel influences.

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