Fearing Such a Lady: University Expansion, Underemployment, and the Hypergamy Ideal in Kampala, Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1161-1187
Author(s):  
Margaret Frye ◽  
Daniela R. Urbina

In Uganda, the cultural norm of hypergamy, which dictates that husbands should have higher economic and social status than wives, is pervasive and influential. Yet hypergamy has recently been challenged by women’s gains in education relative to men and by an unemployment crisis leaving educated young men unable to find steady work. Using interviews with recent university graduates in Kampala, we investigate how highly educated young adults navigate frictions between the hypergamy ideal and these recent transformations in gendered status. Some women reduce the salience of hypergamy by preventing their relationships from becoming serious, while other women intentionally perform the role of submissive housewife while preserving their autonomy. Men reframe their romantic circumstances to underplay their inability to achieve economic hypergamy, portraying educated women as undesirable and characterizing their partners as nonmaterialistic. These findings reveal how demographic and economic changes reconfigure relationship norms, gendered power dynamics, and family formation processes.

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-310
Author(s):  
Mario Lucchini ◽  
Chiara Saraceno ◽  
Antonio Schizzerotto

Based on a national longitudinal data set, this essays analyses the conditions that favour the formation of dual earner, and specifically dual-career couples in Italy, i.e., in a country characterized by comparatively low women’s labour force participation and intra-generational mobility. Dual-career couples include all couples in which both spouses belong to the higher occupational classes according to Erikson’s and Goldthorpe’s classification. Using EHA and cross-lag models, we have tested the role of women’s education and occupational position in supporting their attachment to the labour market throughout the family formation years. We found that, although dual- earner couples are comparatively fewer in Italy than in other countries, dual career ones are, in relative terms, the most common kind within them. We have also explored the role of homogamous marriages in shaping the possibility that a couple develops first as a dual- earner and second as a dual-career one. The school credentials possessed and the occupations performed by the spouses do not affect their respective career mobility chances. Particularly, contrary to findings of other studies, the husband’s education and occupational position has no impact on the wife’s occupation, except, negatively, when he is better educated than she is. Dual career marriages seem to be more the result of original homogamous characteristics of spouses than of a reinforcing impact of the social capital of highly educated husbands. Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage eines nationalen longitudinalen Datensatzes analysiert der Beitrag die Bedingungen, die das Entstehen von Zweiverdiener-Haushalten und berufstätigen Ehepartnern in Italien begünstigen, d.h. in einem Land, das durch eine relativ geringe Partizipation von Frauen am Berufsleben und geringe Mobilität zwischen den Generationen gekennzeichnet ist. Als berufstätige Ehepartner werden auch alle Paare gefasst, bei denen beide Ehepartner höheren Berufsklassen nach der Klassifizierung von Erikson und Goldthorpe angehören. Mittels EHA und Cross-Lag-Modellen haben wir untersucht, wie die Bildung von Frauen und ihre Stellung ihrer Zugehörigkeit zum Arbeitsmarkt über die gesamte Dauer der Familienbildung bestimmen. Wir haben festgestellt, dass in Italien zwar relativ weniger Zweiverdienerhaushalte als in anderen Ländern bestehen, dass jedoch in diesem Fall in der Regel beide Ehepartner eine anspruchsvolle Laufbahn verfolgen. Weiterhin haben wir die Rolle homogamer Ehen im Hinblick darauf untersucht, dass ein Paar zunächst als Zweiverdiener-Haushalt beginnt und sich anschließend zu einer Partnerschaft entwickelt, in der beide Partner eine Karriere verfolgen. Schulbildung und Beruf der Ehegatten haben keinen Einfluss auf ihre jeweiligen Karrieremobilitätschancen. Insbesondere haben Bildung und berufliche Stellung des Ehemannes im Gegensatz zu den Ergebnissen anderer Studien keinen Einfluss auf die Berufstätigkeit der Ehefrau, es sei denn, im negativen Sinne, wenn der Ehemann über eine höhere Bildung verfügt als die Ehefrau. Ehen, in denen beide Ehepartner eine Karriere verfolgen, scheinen eher Ergebnis originär homogamer Merkmale der Ehepartner denn die Folge einer verstärkenden Wirkung des Sozialkapitals hoch gebildeter Ehemänner zu sein.


2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 876-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope M. Huang ◽  
Pamela J. Smock ◽  
Wendy D. Manning ◽  
Cara A. Bergstrom-Lynch

Cohabitation has become the modal path to marriage in the United States. However, little is known about what cohabitation means to young adults today. Drawing on data from 18 focus groups ( N = 138) and 54 in-depth interviews with young adults, this exploratory study investigates motivations to cohabit and examines potential gender differences in those motivations and the meanings attached to them. The authors find that primary motives to cohabit include spending time together, sharing expenses, and evaluating compatibility. Strong gender differences emerge in how respondents discuss these themes and how they characterize the drawbacks of cohabitation, with men more concerned about loss of freedom and women with delays in marriage. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that gendered cultural norms governing intimate relationships extend to cohabiting unions and point to gender differences in the perceived role of cohabitation in union formation processes.


Author(s):  
Alexey Shcherbinin

В статье поднимается ряд проблем, связанных c теоретическим и прикладным интересом к месту и роли университета в различных моделях: от опоры в экономике выживания до драйвера технологических и социально-экономических изменений в эпоху умных городов. Целью статьи является доказательство ведущей роли университета не только в образовательной, но и в социально-экономической сферах развития города и региона. Актуальность обращения к теме подтверждается международными экономическими процессами, в которые включается Россия, – присоединение к движению умных городов, Трианонский диалог (Россия – Франция) на высшем уровне. На примере томского кейса показаны достижения университетов в социально-экономических изменениях страны. Опираясь на исторические примеры и актуальные исследования ведущих урбанистов, собственный десятилетний опыт сравнительного изучения городов, автор показывает, как университет может организовывать социальное пространство города и региона. Проанализированы ошибки, связанные с редукцией смысла и некритическим обращением с модными теориями. В статье предлагается выбор алгоритма совместной работы города и университета. Автор использует методы сравнения городских политик в отношении университета, исторической реконструкции успешных проектов сотрудничества университета и города, анализа, включённого наблюдения в ходе процесса принятия решений. Проблематизация решения задач начинается с анализа редукции смысла теорий, нередко превращаемых в модные лозунги и вытекающие из них программы преобразований, что приводит к искажению и самих теорий, и международного опыта. К числу таких модных теорий сегодня можно отнести «умный город», «креативный город». Автор разделяет позицию британского урбаниста К. Навратека относительно того, что без включения интересов гражданина и сообщества подобные проекты обречены на провал. На примере двух актуальных проектов «Умная роща» и «Живая лаборатория» (томский кейс) подтверждается разрыв со смыслом и технократическая абстрактность. Автор реконструирует образную и смысловую модель университетской рощи как визуального пространства Сибири и образа её цивилизованного будущего. На примере «живой лаборатории» BMW и Фонда Гуггенхайма раскрыто взаимодействие городских властей Нью-Йорка и жителей относительно улучшения жизненного климата и облика мегаполиса. Поднимая проблему «живых городов», автор последовательно рассматривает место университета в городе, получая подкрепление своей позиции в опубликованной Р. Флоридой статье (август 2019) по рейтингу 50 американских городов, в основе которого лежит процент выпускников университетов, что подтверждает роль университета в современной экономике знаний, потенциал для движения умных городов или тривиально – оздоровления экономики города и региона. Завершая статью, автор (опираясь на работу Г. Аве, на кейс Кливленда, проекты университетского кампуса в Томске) делает вывод о том, что формировать университетский город сегодня – это значит жить полноценной социальной жизнью.The article deals with a number of problems related to theoretical and applied aspects of the university role in various models: as a supporter in the economy of survival or as a driver of technological and socio-economic changes in the era of smart cities. The article goal is to prove the leading role of the university in both the educational and socio-economic areas of the city and region development. The academic relevance of the research is supported by the international economic processes Russia has become a member of, such as the movement of smart cities, the Trianon dialogue (Russia – France) at a high level. Using the Tomsk case, we demonstrated the achievements of universities in the socio-economic changes of the country. Based on historical examples, relevant studies of major urbanists and the author’s ten-year experience of comparative studies of cities, we show how the University can organize city and region social space. The fails associated with the reduction of meaning and uncritical handling of popular theories are analyzed. The article put forward an algorithm of the collaboration of city and university. We use methods of comparing city policies toward the university, historical reconstruction of successful cooperation projects between university and city, analysis, and participant observation during the decision-making process. Problematization of issue solving begins with an analysis of the reduction of theory meaning. This reduction often results in fashionable slogans and transformation programs, which leads to a distortion of these theories and international experience. Such popular theories today include ‘smart’ and ‘creative’ cities. We agree with K. Nawratek, the British urbanist, that such projects are doomed to failure without including the interests of the citizen and the community. The gap with meaning and technocratic abstractness are confirmed on the example of two relevant projects “Smart Grove” and “Living Laboratory” (Tomsk case). We reconstruct the figurative and semantic model of the university grove as the visual space of Siberia and the image of its civilized future. Using the example of the living laboratory of BMW and the Guggenheim Foundation, we reveal the interaction of the city authorities of New York and residents concerning improving the living climate and appearance of the metropolis. Raising the problem of living cities, we consistently consider the university role in the city. We support our position, referencing to an article, published by R. Florida (August 2019), dedicated to the rankings of 50 American cities, which is based on the percentage of university graduates. This confirms the role of the university in the modern knowledge economy, the potential for smart cities development or trivially – for improving the city and region economy. Referencing G. Ave’s publication, the Cleveland case and the projects of the Tomsk university campus, we concluded that to form a university city today means living a full social life.


2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Enriquez

Although previous scholarship demonstrates that gender profoundly affects the immigrant incorporation process, few studies assess the role of gender in the lives of 1.5-generation undocumented young adults. Drawing on 92 in-depth interviews, I examine how gender and immigration status intersect to affect undocumented young adults’ dating, marriage, and parenting experiences. Although all undocumented young adults face the same structural limitations, I argue that their gendered social position leads men and women to experience and negotiate their illegality differently. Gendered expectations make immigration status relevant in different ways throughout of the family formation process, and affect undocumented young adults’ ability to negotiate the limitations associated with their immigration status. As a result, undocumented young men are less likely than women to fully participate in family formation and move toward social incorporation. These findings suggest that gender plays a significant role in shaping experiences of illegality and that navigating gendered expectations is an important micro-level process within immigrant incorporation.


ORL ro ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Alexandra Boloș ◽  
Sebastian Cozma ◽  
Andreea Silvana Szalontay

Tinnitus is a common otologic symptom and probably the most troublesome. Tinnitus causes a number of physical and psychological consequences, that interfere with the quality of life of the patient. Many authors believe that the presence of tinnitus in children is a matter of lesser importance than in adults because it is met less frequently and would be a fleeting symptom, inoffensive for them (Graham, 1981). In addition, the prevalence of tinnitus during adolescence and even in young adults is increasing, possibly as a consequence of the increased ambient noise (Bulbul SF, Shargorodsky J). Various therapeutic approaches have generated different results, which led us to consider the role of psychological factors, hence the need to underline the particularities of this symptom in childhood.  


2019 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Rejman ◽  
Roman Fedan

Processes of the expected spatial socio-economic changes arise as a result of rational planning and continuation of development at regional and local level. A three-tier division ofthe local self-government creates opportunities for engagement of community in the rational planning model and local resource management, as well as usage of production factors; for socio-economic growth and improvement in the quality of life of the residents. The aim of the article is to show the functional structure and role of local government units in formation of regional and local policy toincrease economic growth, while maintaining the environmental protection requirements.


2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 6987-6995
Author(s):  
NORBERT NECKEL ◽  
MARCO MICHAEL ◽  
DANIEL TROELTZSCH ◽  
JONAS WÜSTER ◽  
STEFFEN KOERDT ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Laura Empson

This book analyses the complex power dynamics and interpersonal politics that lie at the heart of leadership in professional organizations, such as accounting, law, and consulting firms, investment banks, hospitals, and universities. It is based on scholarly research into many of the world’s leading professional organizations across a range of sectors, including interviews with over 500 senior professionals in sixteen countries. Drawing on the latest academic theory to analyse exactly how professionals in organizations come together to create ‘leadership’, it provides new insights into how leaders lead when there is no traditional hierarchy to support them, their own authority is contingent, and they must constantly renegotiate relationships with relatively autonomous professional peers. It explores how leaders persuade highly intelligent, educated, and opinionated professionals to work together; how change happens within professional organizations; and why leaders so often fail. Part I introduces the concept of plural leadership, analysing how leaders establish and maintain their positions within leadership constellations, and the implications for governance in the context of collective or distributed leadership. Part II examines the complex, challenging relationships between professionals as they seek to influence their organizations, including the phenomena of leadership dyads, insecure overachievers, social control, and the rise of the management professional. Part III examines the shifts in the locus of power as professional organizations grow, adapt, and react to external stimuli such as mergers and acquisitions and economic crises. The conclusion identifies the paradoxes inherent in professional organizations and examines the role of leaders in attempting to reconcile them.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document