Transfer of Technology: Towards a Conceptual Framework

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
Arun P. Sinha ◽  
K. Balakrishnan

The importance of technology gap as one of the main explicators for the differences in the economic conditions of developed countries and less developed countries is identified in this paper. After examining two streams of international economic theories dealing—directly or indirectly—with technology transfer, a few strategic and structural variables are identified to explain the observed phenomena. Based on these, 12 propositions are hypothesized which may, on further testing, provide a better explanatory and probably predictive base for the technology acquisition behaviour of LDCs. An attempt is also made to relate the strategic and structural variables and the 12 propositions into a conceptual schema.

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
S. K. Date-Bah

The patent system has been claimed to be one of the ways of facilitating the transfer of technology from the industrialised North to the less developed countries of the South. It is by no means the only way in which this can be done. For one thing, not all technology is patented. Also, quite often before a patented process can be successfully worked there is need for the transfer of unpatented know-how along with the technology covered by the patent. Besides, it is not the patent itself which enables the transfer of the technology; rather, by making the title and exclusive rights of the patentee secure, it emboldens him to transfer his technology to others for commercial exploitation. Nevertheless, the patent is an important factor in the technology transfer process. As one United Nations report has put it:


Author(s):  
Víctor Fernando Torres-Aburto ◽  
Dinora Vázquez-Luna ◽  
Belisario Domínguez Mancera ◽  
Valentín Efrén Espinosa Ortiz

Cattle production plays an important role in economic development and food security. Developed countries have achieved optimum levels of production through the implementation of technologies that have allowed efficient use of resources. In contrast, in the developing countries, despite their suitable means of production, such as large tracts of land dedicated to livestock, and programs of nutrition and health, farmers have not widely adopted reproductive and productive supplementation. Therefore, this chapter explores the main critical factors that limit the transfer of technology in bovine production systems, analyzing the interaction between the models, actors, and means of production.


1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood

Multinational corporations are responsible for much of the technology transfer that occurs between the developed and developing countries. Conse¬quently, these corporations play an important role in economic development by supplying technical skills, managerial know-how and capital. However, this transfer of technology is not a costless process: these corporations remit money in the form of royalties, technical fees, and profits from the less developed countries. For undivided Pakistan, between 1965-1970 payments for royalties and technical fees averaged $102 million per year [2, p. 126]. If other costs, for example, profit repatriation and over-pricing of intermediate inputs, are included the figure would have been much higher. Much of the technology that has been transferred to Pakistan has been on a contractual basis through the subsidiaries of multinational corporations or through joint ventures with domestic Pakistani-owned companies in the agri¬cultural and industrial sectors of the economy. In an earlier study by Radhu [3, pp.361-74] the characteristics of fifty contractual agreements involving technology transfer upto 1969 have been described and analysed. This note examines the contractual agreements from 1970 to 1976. In all, fifty four contracts are examined.1 These agreements cover the manufacturing sector of the Pakistani economy.


1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalil A. Hamdani ◽  
M.A. Mahmood

An increasingly important issue of trade and development is the high cost of the transfer of technology from the developed countries to the develop¬ing world. Rough estimates suggest that payments by developing countries for the use of patents, licenses, trademarks, and managerial and technical services amounted to about SI.5 billion in 1968 [19]. For Pakistan, the issue is of particular importance.1 Based on conservative estimates by Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistan's annual payments for technology transfer in 1965-70 averaged $102 million; this magnitude—again reflecting payments for the use of patented knowledge and technical services only—represents a payment rate of almost 16 percent of annual export receipts [19]. If other costs such as profit repatria¬tion and transfer pricing are included, the payment rate is substantially higher.


2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-422
Author(s):  
Pamela Passman ◽  
Betsy Brady ◽  
Bill Guidera

The Bayh–Dole Act has been remarkably successful in promoting the transfer of technology in the USA from federally funded research labs to the private sector. Although other governments are now looking to Bayh–Dole as a model, most of this interest has been limited to developed countries. This article examines the potential benefits of the Bayh–Dole framework for developing countries – both for local industries and to generate revenue for local non-profit research labs. It also proposes initiatives that the USA should undertake to help developing countries to establish the rules and institutional mechanisms necessary to promote technology transfer in their own countries.


2021 ◽  
pp. 097172182110056
Author(s):  
Mikus Dubickis ◽  
Elīna Gaile-Sarkane

One of the ways how to catch up with developed countries is through innovation. Companies can develop innovation in-house, but it has been determined that a more efficient approach is to acquire new knowledge and technology from external parties. In the meantime, relatively few companies choose to cooperate, therefore the aim of this research is to identify the key factors that need to be addressed in order to facilitate new knowledge and technology acquisition. In a systematic literature review, the scientific literature on technology transfer has been analysed, which determines an existing lack of holistic approach on the different impact of factors. Therefore, in this article, through the analysis of different sources, the innovation and technology transfer affecting factors have been summarised. The empirical research is based on a survey of sixty-five companies that hypothetically work with the technology transfer. Besides, an interrelationship analysis of the technology acquisition affecting factors was carried out. The research results indicate that acquisition of new knowledge and technology is closely linked with the internal research and development (R&D) work and presence in a foreign market, as well as indirectly with the fact whether the company is a part of a group. In the final of the article, the acquired results and their implications have been explained.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-135
Author(s):  
Reinardus Budi Prasetiyo

This legal research aims to analyze the various applicable laws and regulations related to the rules on technology transfer in Indonesia. The legal research method used in this legal research uses normative legal research and uses secondary legal material as a reference for collecting data. This legal research would like to convey the need for regulation of Sui Generis technology transfer which has become an interesting old issue and needs to be discussed. That the rules of technology transfer which are spread in various laws and regulations are felt to be unable to provide legal protection for the host country where developed countries invest and establish their companies. Inability to provide protection is basically no strict sanctions if the country or TNC does not make efforts to transfer technology as mandated by the legislation. This because the provisions regarding transfer technology are an agreement and do not have compelling power for developed countries or transnational companies. Therefore, by doing the preparation of technology transfer sui generis as well as special attention from the government about this condition, it will provide benefits and advantages for the host country to manage the transfer of technology that it obtains


Author(s):  
Caetano Dias Corrêa ◽  
Patrícia Loureiro Abreu Alves Barbora

TRANSFERÊNCIA DE TECNOLOGIA EM CONTRATOS INTERNACIONAIS DE FORNECIMENTO – DESENVOLVENDO A INDÚSTRIA LOCAL  TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN SUPPLY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS – DEVELOPING THE LOCAL INDUSTRY   Caetano Dias Corrêa*Patrícia Loureiro Abreu Alves Barbora**  RESUMO: A transferência de tecnologia é necessária para a execução de contratos de fornecimento de equipamentos, por meio de patentes ou know-how, tendo em vista sua necessidade para a operação e manutenção regular do equipamento por parte do contratante, inclusive para além do prazo de garantia. Não obstante, os termos e condições da transferência de tecnologia não são adequadamente estabelecidos nos contratos celebrados pelos contratados. A fim de evitar futuras controvérsias sobre essa questão, é obrigatória a disposição pontual dos artigos relacionados à transferência de tecnologia no contrato celebrado pelas partes. A previsão dos termos apropriados de transferência de tecnologia em contratos internacionais é útil para melhorar a indústria local e o desenvolvimento do país. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho visa a pontuar, a partir do método dedutivo, de que forma e são fixadas as condições referentes à transferência de tecnologia em contratos internacionais de fornecimento de equipamentos celebrados no Brasil, bem como as possibilidades de compreensão de tal dinâmica como instrumento de desenvolvimento, a partir da transmissão de conhecimento oriundo de países desenvolvidos aos países em desenvolvimento. Para tanto, em sua primeira seção, busca perceber a correta compreensão do atual panorama de conformação da sociedade – a sociedade da informação – em suas origens, características e dinâmicas, assim como do próprio conceito de desenvolvimento. Em seguida, na segunda parte, relaciona referidos temas em uma análise que compreende sua complexidade, apresentando as formas de transferência de tecnologia usualmente contratadas em especifico, por meio de contratos de fornecimento de equipamentos de engenharia. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Transferência de Tecnologia. Desenvolvimento. Contratos Internacionais. ABSTRACT: Technology transfer is necessary for the accomplishment of equipment supply agreement, either using patents or know how process. This operation serves to the regular equipment operation and maintenance by contractor also to permit the regular execution of the equipment further the guarantee term. Notwithstanding, the terms and conditions of technology transfer are not properly settle in the agreements executed by contractors. In order to avoid future controversies about this question is mandatory the punctual disposition of the articles related to technology transfer in the agreement executed by the parties. The appropriated terms of transfer of technology in international contracts is helpful to improve the local industry and the development of the country. In this sense, the present work aims to present, from the deductive method, how the conditions related to the transfer of technology in international contracts of equipment supply in Brazil are set, as well as the possibilities of understanding such dynamics as instrument of development, from the transmission of knowledge from developed countries to developing countries. For this purpose, in its first section, it seeks to verify the correct understanding of the current panorama of the formation of society - the information society - in its origins, characteristics and dynamics, as well as the concept of development itself. Then, in the second part, it relates these themes in an analysis that understands its complexity, presenting the forms of transfer of technology usually contracted in specific, through contracts of supply of engineering equipment. KEYWORDS: Technology Transfer. Development. International Contracts.  SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 Tecnologia, Desenvolvimento e Sociedade da Informação. 1.1 Aspectos Conceituais da Sociedade da Informação. 1.2 A Tecnologia como Base e como Destino da Sociedade da Informação. 1.3 Transferência de tecnologia e desenvolvimento. 2 Contratos de Transferência de Tecnologia. 2.1 Aspectos Conceituais. 2.2 Formas de Transferência de Tecnologia. 2.3 Transferência de Tecnologia por meio de Contratos de Fornecimento de Equipamentos. Conclusão. Referências._________________________* Doutor e Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Professor do Curso de Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Professor do Curso de Graduação e Especialização em Direito do Centro Universitário Católico de Santa Catarina. ** Doutora e Mestre em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Professora Visitante de Direito Administrativo no Curso de Graduação em Administração de Empresas no Centro de Ciências da Administração e Socioeconômicas da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).  


Author(s):  
Huda Ibrahim ◽  
Hasmiah Kasimin

An effi cient and effective information technology transfer from developed countries to Malaysia is an important issue as a prerequisite to support the ICT needs of the country to become not only a ICT user but also a ICT producer. One of the factors that infl uences successful information technology transfer is managing the process of how technology transfer occurs in one environment. It involves managing interaction between all parties concerned which requires an organized strategy and action toward accomplishing technology transfer objective in an integrated and effective mode. Using a conceptual framework based on the Actor Network Theory (ANT), this paper will analyse a successful information technology transfer process at a private company which is also a supplier of information technology (IT) products to the local market. This framework will explain how the company has come up with a successful technology transfer in a local environment. Our study shows that the company had given interest to its relationships with all the parties involved in the transfer process. The technology transfer programme and the strategy formulated take into account the characteristics of technology and all those involved.  


Author(s):  
Lisel Hintz

This chapter introduces the book’s aim of turning the concept of identity politics inside out. It presents Turkey as an empirical window onto these dynamics, familiarizing readers with puzzling shifts in domestic politics and foreign policy that do not correspond to shifts in geopolitical dynamics, international economic conditions, or the coming to power of a new party. For example, after the AKP made progress toward EU membership in its first term, the party’s subsequent terms witnessed a sharp reorientation of Turkey, a traditional Western ally, toward the Middle East. This period also demonstrates a rise in “Ottomania”—reviled until recently as delusions of imperial Islamic grandeur—which now permeates everything from pop culture to political campaigns. How was such a drastic reorientation of Turkey possible under the AKP? This introduction lays out how the book solves this puzzle by turning identity politics inside out and outlines the structure of the book.


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