scholarly journals Credibility contests: The contributions of experiential knowledge to radicalisation expertise

2021 ◽  
pp. 026101832110636
Author(s):  
Kate Wicker
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Core Part ◽  
Evidence Hierarchies

Radicalisation has become a highly influential idea in British policy making. It underpins and justifies Prevent, a core part of the UK's counter-terrorism strategy. Experts have theorised the radicalisation process, often beset by a weak evidence base and mired in fundamental contestation on definitions and explanatory factors. Experiential experts have been active contributors to these debates, presenting a challenge to the low-ranking role often given to experiential knowledge in evidence hierarchies and a contrast to policy areas in which it remains poorly valued. This paper draws on interviews with radicalisation experts to examine the dynamics of this pluralisation in practice. With a focus on credibility contests, it explains how experiential experts can claim authoritative knowledge and the challenges they face from those who prioritise theory-driven empirical data as the basis for contributions to knowledge. The paper draws out the implications for understandings of expertise of this newly conceptualised, evidence poor and highly applied topic area.

scholarly journals Flavor and product messaging are the two most important drivers of electronic cigarette selection in a choice-based task

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison N. Baker ◽  
Stephen J. Wilson ◽  
John E. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Food Craving ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nicotine Level ◽  
Utility Scores

AbstractElectronic cigarette use—vaping—is increasingly popular. Various product factors may influence an individual’s choice of e-cigarette. To provide an evidence base for e-cigarette regulation, a better understanding of the role different product attributes play in product preferences is needed. Here, we used conjoint analysis to quantify different factors that influence e-cigarettes choices, including flavors, nicotine level, customizability, or use of e-cigarettes to manage appetite/food craving. Young adults completed a set of choice-based conjoint tasks online. Choice Based Conjoint analysis (CBC) was used to determine utility scores for each attribute. Young adults (n = 587) who vaped at least once per week were included in analyses; gender differences were explored. Flavor was the most important attribute (48.1%), followed by product messaging (21.0%) and nicotine level (15.3%). Within flavor, confectionery and fruit flavors had the highest utility scores, while classic menthol and tobacco flavors had the lowest. Men and women differed in flavors, nicotine levels, and product messaging that appealed most. Among young adults who vape weekly, flavor is the most important factor in e-cigarette preferences. Gender also factors into e-cigarette preferences, especially for preferred nicotine level. Understanding why individuals choose particular e-cigarette products will help inform public health efforts and policy making.

The Rise of Aggressive Psychopharmacology

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Joel Paris
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Wide Range

Aggressive psychopharmacology describes the current practice of prescribing a large number of medications to patients with almost any mental disorder. While there is some evidence for this approach in severe and, persistent mental disorders, it has spread to common disorders, most particularly major depression. Clinical practice guidelines, which offer a wide range options for patients who are resistant to standard treatments, are being interpreted as promoting polypharmacy for a very broad group of patient. These practices have a surprisingly weak evidence base, and tend to take psychotherapy options off the table. Aggressive psychoharmacology is driven by overdiagnosis and is strongly encouraged by the pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals Temporal Instability of Evidence Base: A Threat to Policy Making?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 895-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Elena Kulinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Temporal Instability

scholarly journals Systematic Review: Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on wellbeing outcomes for adolescent or adult victim/survivors of recent rape or sexual assault

2020 ◽  
pp. 135910532095079
Author(s):  
Jane Lomax ◽  
Jane Meyrick
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
First Response ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Trauma Processing ◽  
The Impact

Sexual assault and rape are common forms of sexual violence/abuse. The psychological/health consequences represent significant and ongoing harm. It seems imperative that victim/survivors receive evidence-based support within first response settings. To assess what psychosocial interventions work for victim/survivors of a recent sexual assault. Twenty-seven electronic databases were systematically searched. Narrative data synthesis was used to read across studies. Reporting format follows PRISMA checklist. Ten studies were identifed including range of interventions. The evidence is sparse and scientifically weak, common flaws are reviewed. There is some weak evidence for the impact of video and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based interventions, especially trauma processing. There is a gap in the evidence base on psychosocial interventions for victim/survivors of sexual assault and higher quality research is required.

Best of Five MCQS for the European Specialty Examination in Gastroenterology and Hepatology

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Topic Area ◽  
Question Format ◽  
Sufficient Knowledge ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Short Summary

This question book is designed to assist in preparations for the European Specialty Examination in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ESEGH). Completing this examination demonstrates that sufficient knowledge has been acquired to fulfil the requirements of a specialist in gastroenterology and hepatology, according to a curriculum agreed upon across Europe. This preparation book adopts the same ‘Best of Five’ question format used in the ESEGH. Furthermore, it covers the breadth of the curriculum, and its composition has been designed to exactly match the relative proportion of questions on each topic area found in the examination. Each of the 300 questions contained in the book is accompanied by an answer, a set of succinct bullet points of key ‘take-home’ messages and a short summary of the relevant background, evidence base, and up-to-date European guidelines. The book ends with a chapter of 50 questions designed to act as a mock examination for use in the final stages of preparation.

scholarly journals Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Therapeutic Options and Surveillance Management

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. CGast.S38451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Kumar ◽  
Daniel Wheatley ◽  
Amar Puttanna
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Bowel Disorders ◽  
Risk Of Disease

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic immune-mediated liver disease. Though rare, it poses several clinical concerns for the managing physician. There are currently limited therapeutic options in the management of the condition and weak evidence base behind them. Endoscopic intervention is limited to those patients with obstructing stricture-related disease, and even liver transplantation has a risk of disease recurrence. Surveillance for inflammatory bowel disorders, metabolic bone disease, and malignancy is paramount when managing such patients. This article provides an overview of the condition with further focus on current therapeutic options and guidance on surveillance management.

Building Performance-Based Accountability With Limited Empirical Evidence: Performance Measurement for Public Health Preparedness

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoshana R. Shelton ◽  
Christopher D. Nelson ◽  
Anita W. McLees ◽  
Karen Mumford ◽  
Craig Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Measure Development ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Public Health Emergency Preparedness

AbstractEfforts to respond to performance-based accountability mandates for public health emergency preparedness have been hindered by a weak evidence base linking preparedness activities with response outcomes. We describe an approach to measure development that was successfully implemented in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement. The approach leverages insights from process mapping and experts to guide measure selection, and provides mechanisms for reducing performance-irrelevant variation in measurement data. Also, issues are identified that need to be addressed to advance the science of measurement in public health emergency preparedness.

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