scholarly journals Capitalism and the sea: Sovereignty, territory and appropriation in the global ocean

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Campling ◽  
Alejandro Colás
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Physical Difference ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Economic Zones

This paper introduces the term ‘terraqueous territoriality’ to analyse a particular relationship between capitalism as a social formation, and the sea as a natural force. It focuses on three spaces – exclusive economic zones, the system of ‘flags of convenience’ and multilateral counter-piracy initiatives – as instances of capitalist states and firms seeking to transcend the geo-physical difference between firm land and fluid sea. Capital accumulation, it is argued here, seeks to territorialise the sea through forms of sovereignty and modes of appropriation drawn from experiences on land, but in doing so encounters particular tensions thereby generating distinctive spatial effects. By exploring the articulation between sovereignty, territory and appropriation in the organisation of spaces where land meets sea, the article seeks to demonstrate the value of an analytical framework that underlines the terraqueous nature of contemporary capitalism.

2 The IMO: Working within the UNCLOS Framework and Global Ocean Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanco-Bazan Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
International Maritime Organization ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Ocean Governance ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
The Law ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
The Unclos ◽  
High Seas

This chapter explains the main features of the interface between the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations. Since its adoption the UNCLOS, and in particular its jurisdictional principles, has remained a reference point for much of the IMO’s work. The chapter suggests that greater use could be made by flag and coastal administrations of the powers afforded them under UNCLOS and IMO treaties to ensure that the high seas do not become a ‘dustbin’ for the spill of polluting substances from ships. Flag states have the power to investigate incidents on the high seas involving its ships. Likewise, coastal states have the power in certain defined circumstances to intercept foreign vessels in their exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial seas, as well as to undertake physical inspection and to detain such vessels.

scholarly journals Ventilation of the abyss in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Hayatte Akhoudas ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Sallée ◽  
F. Alexander Haumann ◽  
Michael P. Meredith ◽  
Alberto Naveira Garabato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Bottom Water ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Shelf Water ◽  
Antarctic Bottom Water ◽  
Atlantic Sector

AbstractThe Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean is the world’s main production site of Antarctic Bottom Water, a water-mass that is ventilated at the ocean surface before sinking and entraining older water-masses—ultimately replenishing the abyssal global ocean. In recent decades, numerous attempts at estimating the rates of ventilation and overturning of Antarctic Bottom Water in this region have led to a strikingly broad range of results, with water transport-based calculations (8.4–9.7 Sv) yielding larger rates than tracer-based estimates (3.7–4.9 Sv). Here, we reconcile these conflicting views by integrating transport- and tracer-based estimates within a common analytical framework, in which bottom water formation processes are explicitly quantified. We show that the layer of Antarctic Bottom Water denser than 28.36 kg m$$^{-3}$$ - 3 $$\gamma _{n}$$ γ n is exported northward at a rate of 8.4 ± 0.7 Sv, composed of 4.5 ± 0.3 Sv of well-ventilated Dense Shelf Water, and 3.9 ± 0.5 Sv of old Circumpolar Deep Water entrained into cascading plumes. The majority, but not all, of the Dense Shelf Water (3.4 ± 0.6 Sv) is generated on the continental shelves of the Weddell Sea. Only 55% of AABW exported from the region is well ventilated and thus draws down heat and carbon into the deep ocean. Our findings unify traditionally contrasting views of Antarctic Bottom Water production in the Atlantic sector, and define a baseline, process-discerning target for its realistic representation in climate models.

scholarly journals Tracking the global reduction of marine traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David March ◽  
Kristian Metcalfe ◽  
Joaquin Tintoré ◽  
Brendan J. Godley
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Western Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
Economic Zones

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unparalleled global impacts on human mobility. In the ocean, ship-based activities are thought to have been impacted due to severe restrictions on human movements and changes in consumption. Here, we quantify and map global change in marine traffic during the first half of 2020. There were decreases in 70.2% of Exclusive Economic Zones but changes varied spatially and temporally in alignment with confinement measures. Global declines peaked in April, with a reduction in traffic occupancy of 1.4% and decreases found across 54.8% of the sampling units. Passenger vessels presented more marked and longer lasting decreases. A regional assessment in the Western Mediterranean Sea gave further insights regarding the pace of recovery and long-term changes. Our approach provides guidance for large-scale monitoring of the progress and potential effects of COVID-19 on vessel traffic that may subsequently influence the blue economy and ocean health.

Autonomous Technology and Dynamic Obligations: Uncrewed Maritime Vehicles and the Regulation of Maritime Military Surveillance in the Exclusive Economic Zone

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Simon MCKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regime ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Maritime Surveillance ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Dynamic Quality ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Environmental Interests ◽  
Autonomous Technology

Abstract The development of uncrewed maritime vehicles [UMVs] has the potential to increase the scale of military maritime surveillance in the exclusive economic zones of foreign coastal states. This paper considers the legal implications of the expanded use of UMVs for this purpose. It shows how features of the legal regime—namely how its application depends on determining the intent of a vessel's operation (to distinguish marine scientific research from military surveillance), as well the obligation to have due regard—have a “dynamic” quality that will pose a challenge to UMVs operated by autonomous technology. The legal obligations will require equipping UMVs with the capacity to communicate something about their identity, the purpose of their mission, and to be able to have some capacity to be responsive to the economic and environmental interests of the coastal state.

Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Foreign Coastal States

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritaka Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
United States Military ◽  
Opposing View ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Stable Order ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Common Understanding

Abstract One disturbing element in an overall stable order built on the Law of the Sea Convention is the disagreement between some States over the use of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a coastal State by another State for military purposes. While it appears to be generally accepted that military activities in the EEZ of another State are part of “the freedoms . . . of navigation and overflight and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms . . .” under Article 58(1), some States, notably China, hold an opposing view. The disagreement has led to several incidents involving forceful disturbance of activities of United States military vessels and aircraft in and above the EEZ of China. There is an urgent need for the States concerned and the international community to find a common understanding on the issue or some kind of practical arrangement for avoiding further serious incidents.

Differences in foraging habitat result in contrasting fisheries interactions in two albatross populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
A Corbeau ◽  
J Collet ◽  
A Pajot ◽  
R Joo ◽  
T Thellier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Habitat Specialization ◽  
Encounter Rate ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Diomedea Exulans ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Fisheries Interactions ◽  
Economic Zones

Albatrosses attend fishing boats to feed on fishing discards but are often at risk of accidental bycatch. To examine whether populations (same species) and sexes differ in their overlap with fisheries due to differences in habitat use, we combined the use of recently developed loggers equipped with GPS and boat radar detectors with Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Our study indicates that incubating wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans from Crozet and Kerguelen foraged in different habitats although the duration of trips was similar. Both female and male Kerguelen birds took advantage of the large and productive surrounding shelf, whereas Crozet birds used the small shelf around the islands to a lesser extent. In Crozet, there was segregation between males and females, the latter favouring deeper and warmer waters. The 2 strategies of habitat use led to different overlap and attraction to boats, with Kerguelen birds encountering and attending boats for longer and at closer proximity to the colony than Crozet birds. Crozet females encountered boats at greater distances from the colony than males. Because of their different habitat use and foraging outside exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and further from the colony, Crozet birds attended more non-declared boats (without AIS) than Kerguelen birds. Albatrosses were more attracted by fisheries than cargo vessels and were especially attracted by fishing discards that led them to attend vessels for longer periods for both sexes and populations. The differences found between populations and individuals in terms of habitat specialization and encounter rate of fisheries should be considered for future assessments of risk of bycatch.

Human capital accumulation, income distribution, and economic growth: a demand-led analytical framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-336
Author(s):  
Gilberto Tadeu Lima ◽  
Laura Carvalho ◽  
Gustavo Pereira Serra
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Capital Utilization ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Run Equilibrium

This paper incorporates human capital accumulation through provision of universal public education by a balanced-budget government to a demand-driven analytical framework of functional distribution and growth of income. Human capital accumulation positively impacts on workers’ productivity in production and their bargaining power in wage negotiations. In the long-run equilibrium, a rise in the tax rate (which also denotes the share of output spent in human capital formation) lowers the pre- and after-tax wage share and physical capital utilization, and thus raises (lowers) the output growth rate when the latter is profit-led (wage-led). The impact of a higher tax rate on the employment rate (which also measures human capital utilization) in the long-run equilibrium is negative (ambiguous) when output growth is wage-led (profit-led). In any case, the supply of higher-skilled workers does not automatically create its own demand.

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