scholarly journals Partners’ attachment insecurity predicts greater physiological threat in anticipation of attachment-relevant interactions

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett J. Peters ◽  
Nickola C. Overall ◽  
Yuthika U. Girme ◽  
Jeremy P. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Film Clip ◽  
Attachment Insecurity ◽  
Dyad Member ◽  
Sympathetic Arousal ◽  
Negative Film

This study examined whether anticipating interacting with a partner higher in attachment insecurity predicted greater physiological threat in an emotion regulation context. Eighty-eight couples watched an emotionally negative film clip, prepared to discuss the video with their partner, and then engaged in a conversation. One dyad member ( regulator) was randomly assigned to express versus suppress affective displays while his/ her partner ( target) was given no additional instructions. Greater partner avoidance was associated with stronger physiological responses consistent with the experience of threat—sympathetic arousal coupled with increased vascular resistance—when regulators anticipated suppressing versus expressing affective displays. Greater partner anxiety was associated with greater physiological threat responses regardless of the emotion regulation context. Threat responses also manifested during the conversation: Regulators and targets with highly avoidant partners exhibited greater threat responses when suppressing versus expressing affective displays. Additionally, more insecure partners found the conversation more difficult. These data are the first to show that anticipating attachment-relevant interactions with more insecure partners elicit cardiovascular responses diagnostic of threat.

Cardiovascular and Valsalva responses during parabolic flight

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1957-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd T. Schlegel ◽  
Edgar W. Benavides ◽  
Donald C. Barker ◽  
Troy E. Brown ◽  
Deborah L. Harm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Arterial Baroreflex ◽  
Baroreflex Control ◽  
Flight Measurements

We investigated the integrated cardiovascular responses of 15 human subjects to the acute gravitational changes (micro- and hypergravity portions) of parabolic flight. Measurements were made with subjects quietly seated and while subjects performed controlled Valsalva maneuvers. During quiet, seated, parabolic flight, mean arterial pressure increased during the transition into microgravity but decreased as microgravity was sustained. The decrease in mean arterial pressure was accompanied by immediate reflexive increases in heart rate but by absent (or later-than-expected) reflexive increases in total vascular resistance. Mean arterial pressure responses in Valsalva phases IIl, III, and IV were accentuated in hypergravity relative to microgravity ( P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively), but accentuations differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those induced by a supine-to-seated postural change in 1 G. This study is the first systematic evaluation of temporal and Valsalva-related changes in cardiovascular parameters during parabolic flight. Results suggest that arterial baroreflex control of vascular resistance may be modified by alterations of cardiopulmonary, vestibular, and/or other receptor activity.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN EMOTION REGULATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONDING TO STRESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhán M Griffin ◽  
Siobhán Howard
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotion Words

Instructed use of reappraisal to regulate stress in the laboratory is typically associated with a more adaptive cardiovascular response to stress, indexed by either: (i) lower cardiovascular reactivity (CVR; e.g., lower blood pressure); or (ii) a challenge-oriented response profile (i.e., greater cardiac output paired with lower total peripheral resistance). In contrast, instructed use of suppression is associated with exaggerated CVR (e.g., greater heart rate, blood pressure). Despite this, few studies have examined if the habitual use of these strategies are related to cardiovascular responding during stress. The current study examined the relationship between cardiovascular responses to acute stress and individual differences in emotion regulation style: trait reappraisal, suppression, and emotion regulation difficulties. Forty-eight participants (25 women, 23 men) completed a standardised laboratory stress paradigm incorporating a 20-minute acclimatization period, a 10-minute baseline, and two 5-minute speech tasks separated by a 10-minute inter-task rest period. The emotional valence of the speech task was examined as a potential moderating factor; participants spoke about a block of negative-emotion words and a block of neutral-emotion words. Cardiovascular parameters were measured using the Finometer Pro. Greater habitual use of suppression was associated with exaggerated blood pressure responding to both tasks. However, only in response to the negative-emotion task was greater use of reappraisal associated with a challenge-oriented cardiovascular response. The findings suggest that individual differences in emotion regulation translate to differing patterns of CVR to stress, but the emotional valence of the stressor may play a role.

Regulating emotions in two languages: How do emotion regulation strategies relate to physiological reactivity in emotional contexts?

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1106-1120
Author(s):  
Laura E Quiñones-Camacho ◽  
Emily W Shih ◽  
Scott V Savage ◽  
Covadonga Lamar Prieto ◽  
Elizabeth L Davis
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Engagement Strategies ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Sympathetic Arousal

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: Differences in how people regulate their emotions have been shown across cultures. Yet, whether bilinguals regulate emotions differently based on the language they are speaking is unknown, as is whether these regulatory choices relate to their physiology. The aim of this study was to assess whether self-reported use of emotion regulation strategies that promote emotional engagement would be associated with greater sympathetic arousal while describing emotional experiences for bilinguals. Design/Methodology/Approach: 99 Spanish–English bilinguals ( M = 20.8 years; SD = 2.11; 73 women) were interviewed about times they felt sad and afraid in both Spanish and English, and described what they did to regulate those emotions. Sympathetic nervous system physiology (pre-ejection period; PEP) was assessed continuously. The within-person experimental design enabled exploration of differences in regulation and physiology that were associated with talking about negative emotions in different languages. Data and Analysis: Emotion regulation strategies that indexed emotional engagement (e.g. cognitive reappraisal) were reliably coded from participant interviews. PEP reactivity was calculated as the change from a resting baseline to each language context. We used hierarchical linear regressions to test our hypotheses. Findings/Conclusions: We found that using fewer engagement strategies was associated with decreased sympathetic arousal, but only for people who were more physiologically aroused when at rest and only when participants were speaking English. Originality: This study is the first to show that bilinguals’ emotion regulatory attempts have different consequences across languages, highlighting how emotional processing is colored by cultural-linguistic lenses. Significance/Implications: These findings align with growing evidence that bilinguals’ physiological reactions to emotional events depend on the language context. Knowledge generated by this investigation contributes to our understanding of cross-cultural differences in people’s physiological arousal and emotional processing by highlighting these patterns among the understudied population of bilingual speakers.

Regional hemodynamic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (2) ◽  
pp. R332-R338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Gardiner ◽  
A. M. Compton ◽  
T. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide ◽  
Renal Vascular Resistance ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Renal Vascular

Cardiovascular responses to infusions of rat alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; 0.06, 0.6, 6.0 nmol/h) or rat alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP; 3.7 nmol/h) were measured in conscious rats. During infusion of the low dose of CGRP, when mean arterial pressure (MAP) was little affected, there were reductions in common carotid, renal, mesenteric, and hindquarter vascular resistances (the magnitude of the responses in the same descending order). However, only flow in the common carotid vessels was increased above base line. After infusion, there was a hindquarter vasoconstriction. During infusion of the higher doses of CGRP, there were dose-related decreases in MAP and increases in heart rate associated with (hyperemic) hindquarter vasodilatations and mesenteric vasoconstrictions. The common carotid vasodilatation peaked with the intermediate dose of CGRP; the changes in renal vascular resistance were not dose related. After infusion of the high dose of CGRP there were persistent (at least 60 min) common carotid and hindquarter vasodilatations and mesenteric vasoconstriction, with a transient overshoot in renal vascular resistance. Infusions of CGRP and ANP matched for their effects on MAP had similar influences on mesenteric hemodynamics, but all other variables were affected differently.

Evidence for a central role for vasopressin in cardiovascular regulation

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (6) ◽  
pp. H852-H859 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Berecek ◽  
R. L. Webb ◽  
M. J. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Neuronal Systems ◽  
Mesenteric Vascular Resistance ◽  
Stimulation Of

Central vasopressin (VP) may modulate the functional activity of specific neuronal systems involved in cardiovascular regulation. To test this hypothesis we compared cardiovascular (CV) responses to electrical stimulation of the anteroventral region of the third ventricle (AV3V) in Brattleboro rats homozygous for diabetes insipidus (DI), in heterozygous DI rats (DI-HZ) and in normal Long-Evans rats (LE). We also studied the effects of peripheral and intracerebroventricular (ivt) treatment of DI rats with VP and treatment of LE rats with an antipressor blocker of VP on cardiovascular responses to AV3V stimulation. Stimulation of the AV3V region in anesthetized LE rats produced a frequency-dependent increase in renal (RVR) and mesenteric vascular resistance (MVR), a decrease in hindquarter vascular resistance (HQVR), and a decrease in arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR). DI and DI-HZ rats showed significantly greater decreases in AP and HR and lesser changes in RVR, MVR, and HQVR. The deficiency in vasoconstriction in DI rats appeared to be centrally mediated inasmuch as vascular responses to peripherally administered phenylephrine and nerve stimulation were comparable in LE and DI rats. Treatment of DI rats with VP peripherally improved CV responses to AV3V stimulation. An even greater improvement in CV responses to AV3V stimulation was obtained when DI were given ivt infusion of VP. Finally, following intravenous administration of an antipressor VP blocker LE rats showed a greater decrease in AP and HR and lesser resistance changes in response to AV3V stimulation. Our data suggest that cardiovascular responses elicited from stimulation of the AV3V region may depend, in part, on a central vasopressin mechanism.

Physiological Responses and Perceived Exertion During International Taekwondo Competition

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Bridge ◽  
Michelle A. Jones ◽  
Barry Drust
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
International Level ◽  
Combat Training ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Purpose:To investigate the physiological responses and perceived exertion during international Taekwondo competition.Methods:Eight male Taekwondo black belts (mean ± SD, age 22 ± 4 y, body mass 69.4 ± 13.4 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.10 m, competition experience 9 ± 5 y) took part in an international-level Taekwondo competition. Each combat included three 2-min rounds with 30 s of recovery between each round. Heart rate (HR) was recorded at 5-s intervals during each combat. Capillary blood lactate samples were taken from the fingertip 1 min before competition, directly after each round and 1 min after competition. Competitors’ rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded for each round using Borg’s 6-to-20 scale.Results:HR (round 1: 175 ± 15 to round 3: 187 ± 8 beats·min−1; P < .05), percentage of HR maximum (round 1: 89 ± 8 to round 3: 96 ± 5% HRmax; P < .05), blood lactate (round 1: 7.5 ± 1.6 to round 3: 11.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L-1; P < .05) and RPE (round 1: 11 ± 2 to round 3: 14 ± 2; P < .05; mean ± SD) increased significantly across rounds.Conclusions:International-level Taekwondo competition elicited near-maximal cardiovascular responses, high blood lactate concentrations, and increases in competitors' RPE across combat. Training should therefore include exercise bouts that sufficiently stimulate both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.

scholarly journals Disturbed Cardiorespiratory Adaptation in Preeclampsia: Return to Normal Stress Regulation Shortly after Delivery?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lackner ◽  
Papousek ◽  
Schmid-Zalaudek ◽  
Cervar-Zivkovic ◽  
Kolovetsiou-Kreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systemic Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Severe Preeclampsia ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Increased Risk

Women with pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia appear to be at increased risk of metabolic and vascular diseases in later life. Previous research has also indicated disturbed cardiorespiratory adaptation during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to follow up on the physiological stress response in preeclampsia several weeks postpartum. A standardized laboratory test was used to illustrate potential deviations in the physiological stress responding to mildly stressful events of the kind and intensity in which they regularly occur in further everyday life after pregnancy. Fifteen to seventeen weeks postpartum, 35 women previously affected by preeclampsia (19 mild, 16 severe preeclampsia), 38 women after uncomplicated pregnancies, and 51 age-matched healthy controls were exposed to a self-relevant stressor in a standardized stress-reactivity protocol. Reactivity of blood pressure, heart rate, stroke index, and systemic vascular resistance index as well as baroreceptor sensitivity were analyzed. In addition, the mutual adjustment of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration, partitioned for influences of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, were quantified by determining their phase synchronization. Findings indicated moderately elevated blood pressure levels in the nonpathological range, reduced stroke volume, and elevated systemic vascular resistance in women previously affected by preeclampsia. Despite these moderate abnormalities, at the time of testing, women with previous preeclampsia did not differ from the other groups in their physiological response patterns to acute stress. Furthermore, no differences between early, preterm, and term preeclampsia or mild and severe preeclampsia were observed at the time of testing. The findings suggest that the overall cardiovascular responses to moderate stressors return to normal in women who experience a pregnancy with preeclampsia a few weeks after delivery, while the operating point of the arterial baroreflex is readjusted to a higher pressure. Yet, their regulation mechanisms may remain different.

Blood pressure regulation during cardiac autonomic blockade: effect of fitness

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1789-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Smith ◽  
D. L. Hudson ◽  
H. M. Graitzer ◽  
P. B. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure Control ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the autonomic nervous system's control of the heart in fitness-related differences in blood pressure regulation. The cardiovascular responses to progressive lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) were studied during unblocked (control) and full blockade (experimental) conditions in 10 endurance-trained (T) and 10 untrained (UT) men, aged 20-31 yr. The experimental conditions included beta 1-adrenergic blockade (metoprolol tartrate), parasympathetic blockade (atropine sulfate), or complete blockade (metoprolol and atropine). Heart rate, blood pressure, forearm blood flow, and cardiac output were measured at rest and -16 and -40 Torr LBNP. Forearm vascular resistance, peripheral vascular resistance, and stroke volume were calculated from these measurements at each stage of LBNP. Blood pressure was maintained, primarily by augmented vasoconstriction, equally in T and UT subjects during complete and atropine blockade. The fall in systolic and mean pressure from 0 to -40 Torr was greater (P less than 0.05) in the T subjects during the unblocked and metoprolol blockade conditions. This reduced blood pressure control during unblocked condition was attributable to attenuated vaso-constrictor and chronotropic responses in the T subjects. We hypothesize that an autonomic imbalance (elevated base-line parasympathetic activity) in highly trained subjects restricts reflex cardiac responses, which accompanied by an attenuated vasoconstrictor response, results in attenuated blood pressure control during a steady-state hypotensive stress.

Cardiovascular responses to exhaustive upright cycle exercise in highly trained older men

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1500-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Fleg ◽  
S. P. Schulman ◽  
F. C. O'Connor ◽  
G. Gerstenblith ◽  
L. C. Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Index ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Systemic Vascular Resistance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Stroke Volume Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Radionuclide Ventriculography ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Peak Vo2

It is unclear whether the markedly enhanced aerobic exercise capacity of older endurance-trained men relative to their sedentary age peers is mediated primarily by central or peripheral cardiovascular mechanisms. To address this question, we performed radionuclide ventriculography with respiratory gas exchange measurements during exhaustive upright cycle ergometry in 16 endurance-trained men aged 63 +/- 7 yr and in 35 untrained men of similar age. As expected, maximal O2 consumption during treadmill exercise was much higher in athletes than in controls. At rest and during fixed submaximal cycle work rates through 100 W, athletes demonstrated lower heart rates and greater stroke volume indexes than controls while maintaining similar cardiac indexes and O2 uptake (VO2). At exhaustion, athletes achieved 53% higher work rates and peak VO2 per kilogram body weight than the sedentary men. The higher peak VO2 in athletes was achieved by a 22.5% larger cardiac index and a 15.6% greater arteriovenous O2 difference. The larger peak cardiac index in the athletes than in sedentary controls was mediated entirely by a greater stroke volume index; peak heart rates were virtually identical. The athletes' greater stroke volume index was achieved through an 11% larger end-diastolic volume index and a 7% higher ejection fraction, both of borderline significance. At exhaustion, athletes demonstrated a lower systemic vascular resistance than controls, despite a higher value at rest. Athletes also showed greater exercise-induced increments in heart rate, stroke volume index, and cardiac index and a greater reduction in systemic vascular resistance from rest to maximal workload.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiovascular responses to exercise in the rat: role of corticotropin-releasing factor

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Kregel ◽  
J. M. Overton ◽  
D. R. Seals ◽  
C. M. Tipton ◽  
L. A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Conscious Rat ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mesenteric Vascular Resistance

The effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor antagonist, alpha-helical CRF, on systemic and regional hemodynamic adjustments to exercise were studied in conscious rats. On consecutive days, rats received saline icv, alpha-helical CRF icv, and no treatment 30 min before treadmill exercise (TMX). Increases in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to TMX (16.1-28.6 m/min) were similar after icv administration of saline or no treatment. In rats receiving saline icv or no treatment, estimated vascular resistance increased in the mesenteric and renal regions and declined in the iliac (hindlimb) region. After icv administration of alpha-helical CRF9-41, HR and MAP responses during TMX were significantly attenuated. In addition, TMX-induced elevations of estimated mesenteric vascular resistance and iliac blood flow velocity were blunted after CRF receptor blockade. These altered cardiovascular and hemodynamic responses were ultimately reflected in the animals' compromised ability to run. The results suggest that the central nervous system actions of endogenous CRF are necessary for the full expression of the cardiovascular adjustments to TMX in the conscious rat.

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