Estimation of sex from computed tomography images of skull measurements in an adult Turkish population

2021 ◽  
pp. 028418512110449
Author(s):  
Orhan Meral ◽  
Reyhan Meydan ◽  
Belkıs Betül Toklu ◽  
Ahsen Kaya ◽  
Beytullah Karadayi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skull Measurements ◽  
Age Range

Background Nowadays, data on the anthropometric measurements of populations is needed in many areas, especially forensic and legal. Using various methods, researchers obtain various data such as race, sex, and age, and thus provide identification of the material used. Morphological or metric methods are often used for identification. Purpose To evaluate the usefulness of the results of skull measurements using computed tomography (CT) to determine sex in a Turkish population. Material and Methods We analyzed 300 male and 300 female CT images of Turkish individuals with an age range of 21–50 years. Maximum cranial length, maximum cranial breadth, bimastoid diameter, bizygomatic diameter, and bigonial breadth were measured by CT tomography. All data were subjected to discriminant function analyses for estimating sex. Intra-observer and inter-observer variances of the measurements were examined using intraclass correlation coefficient analysis. Results Discriminant function analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between male and female with 88% accuracy. Discriminant function for estimation of sex was obtained with satisfactory accuracy rates for the parameters used. Conclusion This study confirms that skull measurements show sexual dimorphism in the Turkish population, and also suggests that it may be useful to use CT to assess skull anthropometric measurements.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional assessment of the anterior and inferior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve using computed tomography images in patients with and without mandibular asymmetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Young Kim ◽  
Michael D. Han ◽  
Kug Jin Jeon ◽  
Jong-Ki Huh ◽  
Kwang-Ho Park
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Symmetry Group ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Mandibular Asymmetry ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mandibular Body

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in configuration and dimensions of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve (ALIAN) in patients with and without mandibular asymmetry. Method Preoperative computed tomography images of patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery from January 2016 to December 2018 at a single institution were analyzed. Subjects were classified into two groups as “Asymmetry group” and “Symmetry group”. The distance from the most anterior and most inferior points of the ALIAN (IANant and IANinf) to the vertical and horizontal reference planes were measured (dAnt and dInf). The distance from IANant and IANinf to the mental foramen were also calculated (dAnt_MF and dInf_MF). The length of the mandibular body and symphysis area were measured. All measurements were analyzed using 3D analysis software. Results There were 57 total eligible subjects. In the Asymmetry group, dAnt and dAnt_MF on the non-deviated side were significantly longer than the deviated side (p < 0.001). dInf_MF on the non-deviated side was also significantly longer than the deviated side (p = 0.001). Mandibular body length was significantly longer on the non-deviated side (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in length in the symphysis area (p = 0.623). In the Symmetry group, there was no difference between the left and right sides for all variables. Conclusion In asymmetric patients, there is a difference tendency in the ALIAN between the deviated and non-deviated sides. In patients with mandibular asymmetry, this should be considered during surgery in the anterior mandible.

scholarly journals Multi-Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks for Edge Denoising of Computed Tomography Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Xiaowe Xu ◽  
Jiawei Zhang ◽  
Jinglan Liu ◽  
Yukun Ding ◽  
Tianchen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Denoising ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Ct Image ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Global Cycle

As one of the most commonly ordered imaging tests, the computed tomography (CT) scan comes with inevitable radiation exposure that increases cancer risk to patients. However, CT image quality is directly related to radiation dose, and thus it is desirable to obtain high-quality CT images with as little dose as possible. CT image denoising tries to obtain high-dose-like high-quality CT images (domain Y ) from low dose low-quality CT images (domain X ), which can be treated as an image-to-image translation task where the goal is to learn the transform between a source domain X (noisy images) and a target domain Y (clean images). Recently, the cycle-consistent adversarial denoising network (CCADN) has achieved state-of-the-art results by enforcing cycle-consistent loss without the need of paired training data, since the paired data is hard to collect due to patients’ interests and cardiac motion. However, out of concerns on patients’ privacy and data security, protocols typically require clinics to perform medical image processing tasks including CT image denoising locally (i.e., edge denoising). Therefore, the network models need to achieve high performance under various computation resource constraints including memory and performance. Our detailed analysis of CCADN raises a number of interesting questions that point to potential ways to further improve its performance using the same or even fewer computation resources. For example, if the noise is large leading to a significant difference between domain X and domain Y , can we bridge X and Y with a intermediate domain Z such that both the denoising process between X and Z and that between Z and Y are easier to learn? As such intermediate domains lead to multiple cycles, how do we best enforce cycle- consistency? Driven by these questions, we propose a multi-cycle-consistent adversarial network (MCCAN) that builds intermediate domains and enforces both local and global cycle-consistency for edge denoising of CT images. The global cycle-consistency couples all generators together to model the whole denoising process, whereas the local cycle-consistency imposes effective supervision on the process between adjacent domains. Experiments show that both local and global cycle-consistency are important for the success of MCCAN, which outperforms CCADN in terms of denoising quality with slightly less computation resource consumption.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF MANDIBULAR ASYMMETRY IN SKELETAL CLASS I ADULT PATIENTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Frazão Gribel ◽  
Guilherme Thiesen ◽  
Tássia Silvana Borges ◽  
Maria Perpétua Mota Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Calculation Method ◽  
Significant Error ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Class I ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Mandibular Asymmetry ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference

AIM: The objective of this study was evaluating the prevalence of mandibular asymmetry in skeletal Class I adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was composed by cone-beam computed tomography images of 250 skeletal Class I patients with age from 18 to 70 years old. The side deviation of mandibular asymmetry was evaluated (right and left), as well as the intensity of this asymmetry. People with gnathic deviation until 2mm were considered as patients with slight asymmetry; deviation between 2 and 5mm was considered moderate asymmetry and those higher than 5mm as severe asymmetries. The error calculation method was performed and there was not significant error in the measurements. To verify the association between the prevalence of mandibular asymmetry and the gender of individuals, the Χ2 was carried out and the significant level adopted was 5% (p<0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that mandibular deviation occurred more frequently to the left side in both genders (male 56.5% e female 58.2%), without statistically significant difference between them (p=0.792). Besides, the prevalence of slight, moderate and severe asymmetries were, respectively 61%, 27% and 12% for males and 54%, 28% and 18% for female; and there was not statistically significant difference (p=0.366) between the gender of the sample evaluated. CONCLUSION: In this study, both deviation and intensity of mandibular asymmetry did not present preference regarding to the gender.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Prevalence of Concha Bullosa in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Nasim Shams ◽  
Bahareh Shams ◽  
Zahra Sajadi
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
P Value ◽  
Concha Bullosa ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sinus Ostium

Background: The ostiomeatal complex (OMC) is not a separate anatomical structure although it is a functional unit of structures, including the middle meatus, uncinate process, infundibulum, maxillary sinus ostium, ethmoidal bulla, anterior ethmoid sinus ostium, and frontal recess. Concha bullosa is the pneumatization of the concha, which is one of the most common anatomical variations in the middle turbinate. Methods: This study was conducted using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 172 patients in the archives of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dentistry School, Ahvaz Jundishapur. Patient information including age and gender, presence or absence of concha bullosa, the involved side (left or right), and its type (i.e., extensive, lamellar, and bulbous) were collected in the information form. Finally, the chi-square test (with SPSS, version 22) was used to analyze the data, and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Patients with and without concha bullosa were 39.1 and 41.7 years, respectively, but it was no significant difference in terms of age (P = 0.321). Out of 52 patients with concha bullosa, 19 (36.5%) cases were males and 33 (63.5%) of them were females. The prevalence of concha bullosa was higher for the bilateral side (20 patients, 38.5%, P = 0.000). The prevalence of bulbulsand lamellar-shape was nearly the same (32.7% and 30.8%, respectively). Eventually, the extensive shape with 36.5% was more frequent for the shape of concha bullosa (P = 0.000). Conclusions: The prevalence of concha bullosa was high. There was no significant difference in terms of age (P = 0.321) and gender (P = 0.058) of patients with concha bullosa. The extensive type and the bilateral appearance of concha bullosa were more significant (P = 0.000).

Role of post-mapping computed tomography in virtual-assisted lung mapping

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Sato ◽  
Kazuhiro Nagayama ◽  
Hideki Kuwano ◽  
Jun-ichi Nitadori ◽  
Masaki Anraku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Image Guidance ◽  
Virtual Bronchoscopy ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Marking Technique ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dye Marking

Background Virtual-assisted lung mapping is a novel bronchoscopic preoperative lung marking technique in which virtual bronchoscopy is used to predict the locations of multiple dye markings. Post-mapping computed tomography is performed to confirm the locations of the actual markings. This study aimed to examine the accuracy of marking locations predicted by virtual bronchoscopy and elucidate the role of post-mapping computed tomography. Methods Automated and manual virtual bronchoscopy was used to predict marking locations. After bronchoscopic dye marking under local anesthesia, computed tomography was performed to confirm the actual marking locations before surgery. Discrepancies between marking locations predicted by the different methods and the actual markings were examined on computed tomography images. Forty-three markings in 11 patients were analyzed. Results The average difference between the predicted and actual marking locations was 30 mm. There was no significant difference between the latest version of the automated virtual bronchoscopy system (30.7 ± 17.2 mm) and manual virtual bronchoscopy (29.8 ± 19.1 mm). The difference was significantly greater in the upper vs. lower lobes (37.1 ± 20.1 vs. 23.0 ± 6.8 mm, for automated virtual bronchoscopy; p < 0.01). Despite this discrepancy, all targeted lesions were successfully resected using 3-dimensional image guidance based on post-mapping computed tomography reflecting the actual marking locations. Conclusions Markings predicted by virtual bronchoscopy were dislocated from the actual markings by an average of 3 cm. However, surgery was accurately performed using post-mapping computed tomography guidance, demonstrating the indispensable role of post-mapping computed tomography in virtual-assisted lung mapping.

scholarly journals Measurement of the Endotracheal Tube Diameter Using Computed Tomography Images for Pediatric Patients: Comparison with Classic Formulas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Dilek Özcanoğlu ◽  
Berna Türkay ◽  
Neşe Kutlutürk Şahin ◽  
Zahide Özlem Ulubay ◽  
Ayşe Sevinç Revanlı ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Objective: In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the compatibility of endotracheal tube (ETT) size used during surgery with tracheal diameter measured by computed tomography(CT) and classic formulas in children who underwent CT imaging preoperatively due to surgical indications. Methods: The study included preoperatively CT scanned, 0-3 year-old patients who were operated due to congenital heart diseases between June 1-October 1, 2018.Using the CT scans, transverse and anteroposterior tracheal diameters were measured from the subglottic level. As these diameters reflect the external diameter of the ETT, the inner diameter-which corresponds the ETT size-was calculated using a correction formula. Besides, Cole’s formula was used to calculate the ETT size for each child, and the tube sizes used during surgeries were obtained from anesthesia charts.ETT sizes were compared. Results: 43 patients (22 girls [51.2%],21 boys [48.8%]) were included.The mean age was 10.5±9.6 months. 18 patients (41.9%) had cyanotic, 25 patients (58.1%) had acyanotic heart disease.Mean corrected transverse and anteroposterior tracheal diameters at CT images were 4.35±0.69mm and 4.30±0.71 mm, respectively. The mean diameter calculated by Cole’s formula was 4.22±0.20 mm. The mean tube size used during surgeries was 4.37±0.60 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the tube sizes used during the surgeries and the corrected transverse tracheal diameters from CT measurements (p>0.05). But the tube sizes used during the surgeries found significantly larger than the diameters obtained by Cole’s formula (p<0.05). Conclusion: In 0-3 years of age pediatric patients who undergo a congenital heart surgery,corrected tracheal transverse diameter measured by CT is more effective,reliable and less invasive than classic formulas for determining appropriate ETT size

scholarly journals Comparing Computed Tomography–Derived Augmented Reality Holograms to a Standard Picture Archiving and Communication Systems Viewer for Presurgical Planning: Feasibility Study

10.2196/18367 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. e18367
Author(s):  
David Dallas-Orr ◽  
Yordan Penev ◽  
Robert Schultz ◽  
Jesse Courtier
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Presurgical Planning ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Picture Archiving ◽  
Picture Archiving And Communication

Background Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are ubiquitously used to store, share, and view radiological information for preoperative planning across surgical specialties. Although traditional PACS software has proven reliable in terms of display accuracy and ease of use, it remains limited by its inherent representation of medical imaging in 2 dimensions. Augmented reality (AR) systems present an exciting opportunity to complement traditional PACS capabilities. Objective This study aims to evaluate the technical feasibility of using a novel AR platform, with holograms derived from computed tomography (CT) imaging, as a supplement to traditional PACS for presurgical planning in complex surgical procedures. Methods Independent readers measured objects of predetermined, anthropomorphically correlated sizes using the circumference and angle tools of standard-of-care PACS software and a newly developed augmented reality presurgical planning system (ARPPS). Results Measurements taken with the standard PACS and the ARPPS showed no statistically significant differences. Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of 0.08% (95% CI –4.20% to 4.36%) for measurements taken with PACS versus ARPPS’ circumference tools and –1.84% (95% CI –6.17% to 2.14%) for measurements with the systems’ angle tools. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients were 1.00 and 0.98 for the circumference and angle measurements, respectively, indicating almost perfect strength of agreement between ARPPS and PACS. Intraclass correlation showed no statistically significant difference between the readers for either measurement tool on each system. Conclusions ARPPS can be an effective, accurate, and precise means of 3D visualization and measurement of CT-derived holograms in the presurgical care timeline.

scholarly journals Estimation of Sexual Dimorphism of the Mandible in Coastal Karnataka and Kerala Populations using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumuda Rao ◽  
Mahabalesh Shetty ◽  
U. S. Krishna Nayak ◽  
G. Subhas Babu ◽  
D. Prashanth Shetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Computed Tomography Images

Abstract Objective The mandible has been used for sex determination and forensic identification due to its unique anatomy and morphology. Every part of the mandible is unique, including the shape and size of the temperomandibular joint, the ramus, the body and the symphysis region, and the inferior alveolar canal. In addition, the position and placement of the teeth within their sockets are unique for every individual. Sample Population A study was conducted on 20 males and females to estimate sexual dimorphism using anthropometric measurements obtained by cone beam computed tomography images of the mandible of Karnataka and Kerala populations. Materials and Methods The mean, standard deviation, and standard error along with the confidence interval of different measurements were documented. Various measurements between the sexes were compared using Student's t-test. Association between categorical variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software. Results The p-value of mRBr L, GA L, and GA R among females was significantly higher in the Karnataka population when compared with that in the Kerala population. The Karnataka State population showed significantly higher values of RL R, BiGBr, and BiCBr among males, and the p-value of the Kerala population for GGL L and GGL R was significant and higher among the males. Conclusion The data derived from the above study suggest that the mandibular anthropometric measurements used may be applied for forensic sex estimation.

scholarly journals Effect of Deformation Methods on the Accuracy of Deformable Image Registration From Kilovoltage CT to Tomotherapy Megavoltage CT

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153303381882118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wannapha Nobnop ◽  
Imjai Chitapanarux ◽  
Somsak Wanwilairat ◽  
Ekkasit Tharavichitkul ◽  
Vicharn Lorvidhaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Image Registration ◽  
Deformable Image Registration ◽  
Adaptive Radiotherapy ◽  
Deformation Field ◽  
Registration Accuracy ◽  
Deformation Method ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: The registration accuracy of megavoltage computed tomography images is limited by low image contrast when compared to that of kilovoltage computed tomography images. Such issues may degrade the deformable image registration accuracy. This study evaluates the deformable image registration from kilovoltage to megavoltage images when using different deformation methods and assessing nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient images. Methods: The kilovoltage and the megavoltage images from the first day and the 20th fractions of the treatment day of 12 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were used to evaluate the deformable image registration application. The deformable image registration image procedures were classified into 3 groups, including kilovoltage to kilovoltage, megavoltage to megavoltage, and kilovoltage to megavoltage. Three deformable image registration methods were employed using the deformable image registration and adaptive radiotherapy software. The validation was compared by volume-based, intensity-based, and deformation field analyses. Results: The use of different deformation methods greatly affected the deformable image registration accuracy from kilovoltage to megavoltage. The asymmetric transformation with the demon method was significantly better than other methods and illustrated satisfactory value for adaptive applications. The deformable image registration accuracy from kilovoltage to megavoltage showed no significant difference from the kilovoltage to kilovoltage images when using the appropriate method of registration. Conclusions: The choice of deformation method should be considered when applying the deformable image registration from kilovoltage to megavoltage images. The deformable image registration accuracy from kilovoltage to megavoltage revealed a good agreement in terms of intensity-based, volume-based, and deformation field analyses and showed clinically useful methods for nasopharyngeal carcinoma adaptive radiotherapy in tomotherapy applications.

scholarly journals Overjet and Overbite Influence on Cyclic Masticatory Movements: A CT Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ingrid Tonni ◽  
Massimo Pregarz ◽  
Giulio Ciampalini ◽  
Fulvia Costantinides ◽  
Christiane Bodin
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorder ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Lower Incisors

Aim. To determine whether a relationship exists between the linear measurements of overjet and overbite and the interincisal space delimited by the morphology of the upper and lower incisors. Method and Materials. 30 subjects (age range from 14.1 to 34.8 years, with a median age of 23.5 years and sex ratio F/M: 5/10) with overjet and overbite equal to 2 mm were selected from a group of 381 individuals with a full and well-aligned dentition, no previous dental treatment, and no signs or symptoms indicative of temporomandibular disorder. Computed Tomography images of vinyl polysiloxane impressions of the 30 subjects’ anterior teeth were acquired. The interincisal space was defined as Immediate Overjet Angle and was calculated on the Computed Tomography images. Results. Although the 30 subjects presented overlapping measures of overjet and overbite, the values of the Immediate Overjet Angles were different in a range of a minimum value of 12° and a maximum value of 54°. Conclusion. This study reveals that (1) only 30 (7.9%) of the 381 individuals considered have values of overjet and overbite equal to 2 mm and (2) the Immediate Overjet Angle values of the 30 subjects are not related to the values of overjet and overbite.

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