Effect of Intravenously Injected Iodinated Lipid Emulsions on the Liver

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ivancev ◽  
A. Lunderquist ◽  
R. McCuskey ◽  
P. McCuskey ◽  
A. Wretlind
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Lipid Emulsions ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Sinusoidal Endothelium

Iodinated lipid emulsions have been shown to have great potential as site specific contrast media for the liver and spleen. Because of unacceptable adverse reactions none of these emulsions has been adopted for clinical use. In an attempt to find an explanation for these adverse reactions we tested three iodinated lipid emulsions, EOE-13, AG 60.99 and AG 66.18. The following models were used: Computed tomography (CT) of the rabbit liver, in vivo microscopy and electron microscopy of the rat liver. The emulsions contained particles of different sizes and were used in varying doses. We found that the larger the emulsion particles, the more likely they were to be taken up by the Kupffer cells and thereby the higher the opacification of the liver achieved at CT. We also observed changes in the microcirculation of the liver when the emulsions were given in doses required to secure satisfactory opacification of the liver at CT. The main changes were 1) a marked increase in the size of the Kupffer cells, and 2) damage to the sinusoidal endothelium, both contributing to sinusoidal congestion. These changes strongly suggest activation of the macrophages and this in turn probably results in the release of toxic mediators. We suspect that the adverse reactions observed in patients when using iodinated lipid emulsions are due to these toxic mediators.

A New Absorbable Pressure-Equalizing Tube

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo D'Eredità ◽  
Roger R. Marsh ◽  
Silvano Lora ◽  
Ken Kazahaya
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Disintegration Rate ◽  
Tube Insertion ◽  
Absorbable Material ◽  
Scanning Electron

OBJECTIVE: We investigated pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes made of biodegradable, absorbable material in an animal model. METHODS: PE tubes, made of poly-bis(ethylanate)phosphazene (PBE) were inserted in 55 ears of 28 Hartley guinea pigs, with survival times of 10, 30, and 60 days after tube insertion. In vivo reactions between the PBE-PE tube and the tympanic membrane (TM) were studied. Tubes, TMs, and middle ears were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. RESULTS: There was neither infection nor an inflammatory reaction to the tube within the middle ear in any animal. At 30 days, 53% of the tubes had disintegrated. At 60 days, tubes were still functioning in the 25% of ears. CONCLUSION: More research must be performed before these new PBE PE tubes can be considered for clinical use. Nonetheless, these tubes are promising. The disintegration rate can be controlled by varying the formulation of the polymer, so treatment can be adjusted to the needs of each patient.

Mineralization of Sialoliths Investigated by Ex Vivo and In Vivo X-ray Computed Tomography

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Nolasco ◽  
Paulo V. Coelho ◽  
Carla Coelho ◽  
David F. Angelo ◽  
J. R. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Helical Computed Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed

AbstractThe fraction of organic matter present affects the fragmentation behavior of sialoliths; thus, pretherapeutic information on the degree of mineralization is relevant for a correct selection of lithotripsy procedures. This work proposes a methodology for in vivo characterization of salivary calculi in the pretherapeutic context. Sialoliths were characterized in detail by X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) in combination with atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Correlative analysis of the same specimens was performed by in vivo and ex vivo helical computed tomography (HCT) and ex vivo μCT. The mineral matter in the sialoliths consisted essentially of apatite (89 vol%) and whitlockite (11 vol%) with average density of 1.8 g/cm3. In hydrated conditions, the mineral mass prevailed with 53 ± 13 wt%, whereas the organic matter, with a density of 1.2 g/cm3, occupied 65 ± 10% of the sialoliths’ volume. A quantitative relation between sialoliths mineral density and X-ray attenuation is proposed for both HCT and μCT.

In vivo microscopy of hepatic metastases: Dynamic observation of tumor cell invasion and interaction with Kupffer cells

Hepatology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuxing Kan ◽  
Krassnodar Ivancev ◽  
Anders Lunderquist ◽  
Patricia A. McCuskey ◽  
Robert S. McCuskey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Hepatic Metastases ◽  
Tumor Cell Invasion ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Observation

Experimental Investigation of a New Iodinated Lipid Emulsion for Computed Tomography of the Liver

1989 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ivancev ◽  
A. Lunderquist ◽  
R. McCuskey ◽  
P. McCuskey ◽  
A. Wretlind
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Important Advance ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Lipid Particles ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Vital Microscopy

Iodinated lipid emulsions are highly efficient macrophage imaging agents. Nevertheless, none of them has been accepted for clinical use because of adverse reactions. We have tested a new iodinated lipid emulsion, Intraiodol. The size and surface properties of the particles of this emulsion are similar to those of Intralipid which in turn closely resemble the naturally occurring chylomicrons. Using computed tomography (CT) of the rabbit liver as well as vital microscopy and electron microscopy of the rat liver we found that Intraiodol has low efficiency as a liver-specific contrast medium because its particles are predominantly taken up by the hepatocytes and to a less extent by the Kupffer cells, as is Intralipid. The low efficiency of Intraiodol could be fully compensated by an increase in dosage without any significant effect on sinusoidal blood flow. This in turn suggests that the likelihood of release of toxic mediators (and thereby related adverse reactions from activated macrophages) is reduced. We believe that this new way of delivering iodinated lipid particles to the liver represents an important advance in the search for a non-toxic lipid emulsion for CT of the liver.

Embolization by sinusoidal lining cells obstructs the microcirculation in rat sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (6) ◽  
pp. G1045-G1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie D. DeLeve ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Nancy W. Bethea ◽  
Margaret K. McCuskey ◽  
Xiangdong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome ◽  
In Vivo Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Space Of Disse ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Intraportal Infusion

Mechanisms leading to the obstruction of the microcirculation in sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) have been unclear. Because this occurs at the onset of disease, this is a potential key target for therapeutic intervention. Rats were treated with monocrotaline with or without continuous intraportal infusion of glutathione and were studied at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 10 days after monocrotaline treatment with the use of in vivo microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Sinusoidal perfusion decreased from days 1 through 10 with a nadir on day 4. At 12 h, numerous swollen sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) were observed. Subsequently, red blood cells penetrated into the space of Disse through gaps between and through swollen SEC and dissected the sinusoidal lining away from the parenchymal cells. Sinusoidal blood flow was obstructed by an embolism of aggregates of sinusoidal lining cells, red blood cells, and adherent monocytes. All changes were prevented by glutathione infusion, notably the initial swelling of SEC. SOS is initiated by changes in SEC. Microcirculatory obstruction is due to dissection of the sinusoidal lining, followed by embolization of the sinusoid by sinusoidal lining cells, compounded by aggregates of monocytes adherent in the sinusoids. Glutathione prevents SOS by preserving an intact sinusoidal barrier.

The Infection of Cells by Bullet-Shaped Viruses

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
Frederick A. Murphy ◽  
Alyne K. Harrison ◽  
Sylvia G. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Thin Section Electron Microscopy ◽  
Section Electron ◽  
Section Electron Microscopy

The bullet-shaped viruses are currently classified together on the basis of similarities in virion morphology and physical properties. Biologically and ecologically the member viruses are extremely diverse. In searching for further bases for making comparisons of these agents, the nature of host cell infection, both in vivo and in cultured cells, has been explored by thin-section electron microscopy.

Development of the Foramen Secundum in the Chick as Observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
M.J.C. Hendrix ◽  
D.E. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Procaine Hydrochloride ◽  
Cardiac Anomaly ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Congenital Cardiac Anomaly ◽  
Septal Defects ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Scanning Electron

Atrial septal defects are considered the most common congenital cardiac anomaly occurring in humans. In studying the normal sequential development of the atrial septum, chick embryos of the White Leghorn strain were prepared for scanning electron microscopy and the results were then extrapolated to the human heart. One-hundred-eighty chick embryos from 2 to 21 days of age were removed from their shells and immersed in cold cacodylate-buffered aldehyde fixative . Twenty-four embryos through the first week post-hatching were perfused in vivo using cold cacodylate-buffered aldehyde fixative with procaine hydrochloride. The hearts were immediately dissected free and remained in the fixative a minimum of 2 hours. In most cases, the lateral atrial walls were removed during this period. The tissues were then dehydrated using a series of ascending grades of ethanol; final dehydration of the tissues was achieved via the critical point drying method followed by sputter-coating with goldpalladium.

Solving the mechanisms responsible for organelle behavior in vivo by same-cell correlative light and electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Conly L. Rieder
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Time Behavior ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Positive Identification ◽  
Cellular Components

The behavior of many cellular components, and their dynamic interactions, can be characterized in the living cell with considerable spatial and temporal resolution by video-enhanced light microscopy (video-LM). Indeed, under the appropriate conditions video-LM can be used to determine the real-time behavior of organelles ≤ 25-nm in diameter (e.g., individual microtubules—see). However, when pushed to its limit the structures and components observed within the cell by video-LM cannot be resolved nor necessarily even identified, only detected. Positive identification and a quantitative analysis often requires the corresponding electron microcopy (EM).

Scintigraphic Detection of Experimental Myocardial Infarction with 99mTc-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (06) ◽  
pp. 317-319
Author(s):  
J. Novák ◽  
Y. Mazurová ◽  
J. Kubíček ◽  
J. Yižd’a ◽  
P. Kafka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Experimental Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Myocardial Infarctions ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Scintigraphic Imaging ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Scintigraphic Finding

SummaryAcute myocardial infarctions were produced by ligature of the left frontal descending coronary artery in 9 dogs. The possibility of scintigraphic imaging with 99mTc-DMSA 4 hrs after intravenous administration was studied. The infarctions were 4, 24 and 48 hrs old. The in vivo scan was positive in only one dog with a 4-hr old infarction. The in vivo scans were confirmed by the analysis of the radioactivity in tissue samples. The accumulation of the radiopharmaceutical increased slightly in 48-hr old lesions; however, this increase was not sufficient for a positive scintigraphic finding. Thus, we do not recommend 99mTc-DMSA for clinical use in acute lesions.

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