scholarly journals Receptor Visionaries

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 833-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Wade
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

Sensory receptors were described and illustrated after they had been observed with the aid of microscopes. Most descriptions were made in the 19th century after the introduction of achromatic lenses in microscopes. In some senses (like vision), receptors were named according to their morphology whereas in others (like touch), they are known by the names of those who initially described them. Illustrations of the receptors from original sources are here combined with portraits of their originators.

scholarly journals History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921

HNO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-365
Author(s):  
Albert Mudry ◽  
Robert Mlynski ◽  
Burkhard Kramp
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
German Society ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Head And Neck Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Organization ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, combining advances in knowledge and implementation of academic structures; and the creation of the ORL specialty at the turn of the 20th century, mainly concentrating on academic organization and expansion. This period was crucial and allowed for the foundation of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery on solid ground. Germany played an important role in the development and progress of ORL internationally in the 19th century with such great contributors as Anton von Tröltsch, Hermann Schwartze, Otto Körner, Rudolf Voltolini, and Gustav Killian to mention a few.

scholarly journals PEREDARAN OPIUM DI MINANGKABAU ABAD KE-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Opium Trade ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the history of Minangkabau in the 19th century AD. One of the themes of 19th century Minangkabau history is the Islamic reform movement promoted by religious groups commonly called the Padri movement. One of the central issues of the Padri movement was eradicating the habit of drinking alcoholism that occurred in Minangkabau society. The habit of smoking the drug that comes from boiling opium certainly indicates the existence of the drug on a large scale. Therefore, this article will present a picture of the opium trade in Minangkabau in the 19th century from upstream (providers) to downstream (dealers). It is hoped that this article will be useful as an explanation for the habit of smoking made in the Minangkabau community at that time.

The political responsibility for Royal pardons in Belgium during the 19th century (1830–1900)

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-178
Author(s):  
J. Monballyu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Death Sentence ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Constitutional Convention ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Opposite View ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

AbstractIn Belgium, the Royal Prerogative of pardoning convicted criminals was legally embedded in the Constitution of 14th February, 1831. It allowed the King to reduce a sentence or to grant a discharge of a sentence given by a court. Any Royal decision to pardon had, however, to be countersigned by a member of the Government, who took on the political responsibility of the decision towards Parliament. In most cases, the task fell upon the Minister of Justice. During the 19th century, in both Houses of the Belgian Parliament, the Minister of Justice was repeatedly questioned about the way the prerogative of pardoning was exercised. This usually occurred when a death sentence had been commuted to a lesser sentence. In such cases, members of the Chamber of Representatives or of the Senate would ask for an explicit justification of a particular pardon. Only exceptionally would a Government Minister be challenged about the legality of a decision either granting or refusing a pardon. Because of the constitutional convention which prevents exposing directly the political position of the King, Jules d'Anethan (Minister of Justice 1843–1847) defended the Minister's right to refuse to give any reasons for a decision regarding a pardon. He only acknowledged Parliament's right to question a Minister about his general policy on pardons. In his view, it was not within Parliament's powers to ask a Minister of Justice why a pardon had been granted or refused in a specific case. That view tended to limit considerably a Minister's responsibility for Royal pardons: it became no more than an empty shell. Another Minister of Justice, Théophile De Lantsheere (1871–1878), took an opposite view. He refused to state his general policy on pardons, but he accepted to explain the specific reasons why a Royal decision granting or refusing a pardon had been made. In his view, a pardon was in the first place a matter for the Minister's conscience. Parliament was therefore entitled to assess his particular actions. However, in the line of his predecessors' and successors' view, he believed that the reasons why the King had insisted on a pardon or refused to grant a pardon should not be mentioned to Parliament. Pardon was an issue between King and Government, not between King and Parliament. As the saying goes in Belgian constitutional law: The Crown should never be laid 'bare'.

scholarly journals ЗАГАДКИ СИБИРСКОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ КРАКОВСКОГО ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
Юрий Николаевич Квашнин ◽  
Анджей Дыбчак ◽  
Яцек Кукучка
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The North ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

В статье рассмотрены два предмета из Сибирской коллекции Краковского этнографического музея – женская шуба из оленьего меха и шапка из шкуры росомахи. В ходе исследования удалось выяснить имя дарителя – Исидора-Александра Собанского, сосланного в Сибирь участника Польского восстания 1863 г. Была обнаружена не известная ранее специалистам литография русского художника В.Д. Сверчкова, изображающая, в частности, женскую шапку и шубу, схожие с рассматриваемыми предметами из собрания Собанского. Установлено, что шапки из шкур росомахи были повседневным головным убором ненецких женщин на всем пространстве расселения этого этноса. Иногда такие шапки носили шаманы. Кроме того, сегодня известно, что женские шубы, аналогичные тем, что носили ненцы Канинского п-ова, до начала XX в. бытовали также в Приуралье и в низовьях Оби, куда их привозили из-за Урала невесты. В статье также затронуты малоизученные темы польских ссыльных в Западной Сибири и изображения ненцев в работах русских и зарубежных художников. Благодаря ссыльным, вернувшимся на родину из Сибири, в Польшу попали предметы, составившие основу Сибирской коллекции музея. Она насчитывает более 350 экспонатов, среди которых одежда, обувь, головные уборы, изделия из бересты, меха, кожи и костей животных. Почти все вещи были изготовлены в XIX в. разными народами Севера и Сибири – ненцами, селькупами, эвенками, эвенами, чукчами, коряками, алеутами. Two objects from the Siberian collection of the Krakow Ethnographic Museum are discussed in the article – a women’s fur coat from deer fur and a hat from wolverine skin. In the course of the study, the name of the donor was found out – Isidor-Alexander Sobansky, a Polish rebel of 1863, exiled to Siberia. A previously unknown to specialists lithography by the Russian artist Vladimir Sverchkov was discovered; it depicts a woman’s hat and a fur coat similar to objects from the Sobansky collection. It is known that hats from wolverine skins were part of everyday clothes of Nenets women throughout the territory of the Nenets settlement. Sometimes they were worn by shamans. The article proves that until the beginning of the 20th century women’s fur coats of the Nenets of the Kaninsky peninsula were also worn in the Urals and in the lower Ob, having been brought there by brides. In addition, the article touches on poorly studied topics of the Polish exile in Western Siberia and the depiction of the Nenets in the works of Russian and foreign artists. Thanks to the exiles who returned to their homeland from Siberia, the items that formed the basis of the Siberian collection came to Poland. The collection contains more than 350 items, including clothing, footwear, hats, products from birch bark, fur, leather and animal bones. Almost all of them were made in the 19th century by different peoples of the North and Siberia  – Nenets, Selkups, Evenks, Evens, Chukchi, Koryaks, Aleuts.

scholarly journals Acoustics of a School Building Made in Wooden Technology on the Example of Building from the Second Half of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 1203 (3) ◽  
pp. 032107
Author(s):  
Artur Nowoświat ◽  
Marcelina Olechowska ◽  
Rafał Żuchowski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
School Building ◽  
Reverberation Time ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Acoustic Insulation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Typical School ◽  
Made In

Abstract The Władysław Matlakowski School in Zakopane was established in 1877. After the war damage, during the Communist rule in Poland the school was rebuilt and renovated. As a result, the original character of the classrooms was distorted. Fiberboards used for interior finishing changed the acoustic climate of the rooms. The reverberation time of the tested rooms considerably exceeds 2 seconds for low frequencies and is below 2 seconds for medium frequencies. Thus, the reverberation conditions do not differ from typical school classrooms in Poland. The tests of reverberation conditions were supplemented by the measurements of acoustic insulation of partitions separating the chool classrooms from each other and from the corridor. The studies allow to infer that the noise possibly comes from the corridors or adjacent rooms.

Farewell to Unjustified Enrichment?

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Jansen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
German Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Unjustified Enrichment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

In this article, Professor Jansen sets out the historical background and present state of unjustified enrichment theory in the German-speaking civilian legal systems, Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. The German law of unjustified enrichment has grown from two intellectually separate roots. These different legal ideas were interwoven during the 19th century by the German Pandectists. During the 20th century, it began to appear to many that these ideas did not fit well with one another. Professor Jansen thus argues that the modern civilian law of unjustified enrichment is increasingly characterised by a division into independent and distinct parts. In particular, the rules on the unwinding of contracts and on payments made in contemplation of future contracts no longer have much in common with claims based on an infringement of another person's property right. The conclusion drawn is that the Germanic systems should take their leave of the unifying idea of unjustified enrichment.

scholarly journals Modernity in medicine and hygiene at the end of the 19th century: the example of cremation

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Porro ◽  
Bruno Falconi ◽  
Carlo Cristini ◽  
Lorenzo Lorusso ◽  
Antonia F. Franchini
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Forensic Scientists ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

Medicine in the second half of the nineteenth century takes on some characteristics of <em>modernity</em>. These characteristics are worthy of our attention because they help us to understand better some of the current problems of hygiene and public health. One of the topics that was most discussed in the scientific-academic milieu of the second half of the nineteenth century was cremation. There was a poetic precedent: the cremation of Percy Bysse Shelley (1792-1822). The earliest apparatus to completely destroy the corpse was made in Italy and Germany in the 1870s. As far as hygiene was concerned, the reasons for cremation were not to pollute the water-bearing strata and an attempt to streamline the cemetery structure. As in an apparent schizophrenia, scientists of the day worked to both destroy and preserve corpses. There is also the unusual paradox that when the first cremations took place, the corpses were first preserved then to be destroyed later. The catholic world (mainly in Italy) and forensic scientists opposed cremation. It was left to the hygienists to spread the practice of cremation. An analysis of scientific literature shows us that if we leave out the related forensic and ethical problems, recent years have seen attention paid to any harmful emissions from crematoria equipment which have poured into the environment. Another issue is the assessment of inadvertent damage which may be caused by the condition of the corpse. Some topics, however, such as the need for preventive autopsies (first proposed in 1884 in Milan) are still a subject of debate, and seem to pass virtually unchanged from one generation to the next.

A new English source of the Visitatio Sepulchri

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Liturgical Drama ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

The manuscript 596 in the Library of the Abbaye-St-Pierre, Solesmes, is a copy, made in 1860, of a noted English processional, which was written between 1250 and 1320 for the Benedictine Abbey of St.Edith's at Wilton, near Salisbury. How the manuscript came to Dom Guéranger, and what subsequently became of it after 1860 is unknown. In 1961 Georges Benoit-Castelli published an examination of the provenance, date and contents of the processional, noting the presence of dramatic ceremonies, which include an Elevatio Crucis and Visitatio Sepulchri for Easter Day. This, in fact, makes the manuscript one of only five extant English sources of the Visitatio Sepulchri. Yet, despite Benoit-Castelli's report, this processional has been entirely neglected by historians of the liturgical drama. This article aims to describe the relation of the Visitatio ceremony to others in the Anglo-French repertory, and will conclude with a complete transcription based on the 19th-century copy.

Some Fake Inscriptions from Olbia and Tyras

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-301
Author(s):  
Askold Ivantchik
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

The article is devoted to fake inscriptions, which were published as original ones with a provenance from Olbia and Tyras. The earliest known example of such fakes is the inscription iospe i2 285, which was copied by H. K. E. Koehler in 1804 in Nikolaev and published by him in 1827. At the end of the 19th century, a large workshop making fake inscriptions was active in Southern Russia, probably under the control of the famous dealers in antiquities and forgers, the Hochmann brothers. At first they managed to deceive scholars, and many fake inscriptions were published as genuine ones. However, V. V. Latyshev soon recognised numerous fakes and included a list of them in the fourth volume of the iospe (1901). Some forged inscriptions made in the same workshop are nevertheless still considered genuine ones and are published as such. The inscriptions iospe i2, 157; seg 47, 1196; seg 56, 903 belong to this group. Moreover, two copies of the inscription iospe i2, 188 were found in the museum’s collections: the first is now preserved in Kherson Museum, the second one in Odessa Museum. The first one is a genuine inscription, the second one is its copy made in the same workshop belonging to the Hochmann brothers.1

scholarly journals ON THE DATE OF BIRTH OF PATRIARCH HADRIAN OF MOSCOW AND ALL RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
A. G. Avdeev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Visual Study ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Made In

The Russian historiographic sources recognize three probable birth dates of Hadrian, the last Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia in 17th century, i.e.1627, 1637 and 1639. The fourth date, 1636, is not widely recognized. Two epitaphs to the Patriarch Hadrian, both written by Karion Istomin, a major court poet of that time, serve as the main source of information about the life of the head of the Russian Church. The first epitaph is prosaic, mounted on his tomb in the shrine of the heads of the Russian Church in the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, and the second is poetic, preserved in the papers of the poet. . This paper establishes that the cause of chronological differences were errors in reading and interpreting the date of the Patriarch's death in the prosaic epitaph, which were made in historical studies of the 19th - early 20th century and without cross-checking with the gravestone inscription were reproduced in various publications. A visual study of the prosaic epitaph, conducted by the author in March 2014, indicates that Patriarch Hadrian died on October 2, 1700 at the age of 62 . The same date is written in the poetic epitaph. The “birthday” of Patriarch Hadrian (October 2), also raises doubts; most likely this date originated in the 19th century on the basis of the day of his baptism. The conducted research on the base of combination of archival sources and critical analysis of the writings of historians of the 19th - early 20th centuries established that Patriarch Hadrian was born in 1638.

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