Effect of Air-Conditioning on Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles Fuel Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (5) ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzila Khan ◽  
H. Christopher Frey
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The Real ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Few Data

With more stringent U.S. fuel economy (FE) standards, the effect of auxiliary devices such as air-conditioning (AC) have received increased attention. AC is the largest auxiliary engine load for light duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs). However, there are few data regarding the effect of AC operation on FE for LDGVs based on real-world measurements, especially for recent model year vehicles. The Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) is a regulatory model for estimating on-road vehicle energy-use and emissions. MOVES adjusts vehicle energy-use rates for AC effects. However, MOVES-predicted FE with AC has not been evaluated based on empirical measurements. The research objectives are to quantify the LDGVs FE penalty from AC and assess the accuracy of MOVES2014a-predicted FE with AC. The AC effect on real-world fleet-average FE was quantified based on 78 AC-off vehicles versus 55 AC-on vehicles, measured with onboard instruments on defined study routes. MOVES2014a-based FE penalty from AC was evaluated based on real-world estimates and chassis dynamometer-based FE test results used for FE ratings. The real-world FE penalty ranges between 1.3% and 7.5% among a wide range of driving cycles. Fuel consumption at idle is 13% higher with AC on. MOVES underestimates the real-world FE with AC by 6%, on average. MOVES overestimates the AC effect on cycle-average FE ranging between 13.5% and 18.5% for real-world and MOVES default cycles, and between 11.1% and 14.5% for standard cycles.

Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Cycle-Average Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles Tailpipe Emission Rates Predicted by Modal Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 566-584
Author(s):  
Tongchuan Wei ◽  
H. Christopher Frey
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles ◽  
Precision And Accuracy

A vehicle specific power (VSP) modal model and the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) Operating Mode (OpMode) model have been used to evaluate and quantify the fuel use and emission rates (FUERs) for on-road vehicles. These models bin second-by-second FUERs based on factors such as VSP, speed, and others. The validity of binning approaches depends on their precision and accuracy in predicting variability in cycle-average emission rates (CAERs). The objective is to quantify the precision and accuracy of the two modeling methods. Since 2008, North Carolina State University has used portable emission measurement systems to measure tailpipe emission rates for 214 light duty gasoline vehicles on 1,677 driving cycles, including 839 outbound cycles and 838 inbound cycles on the same routes. These vehicles represent a wide range of characteristics and emission standards. For each vehicle, the models were calibrated based on outbound cycles and were validated based on inbound cycles. The goodness-of-fit of the calibrated models was assessed using linear least squares regression without intercept between model-predicted versus empirical CAERs for individual vehicles. Based on model calibration and validation, the coefficients of determination ( R2) typically range from 0.60 to 0.97 depending on the vehicle group and pollutant, indicating moderate to high precision, with precision typically higher for higher-emitting vehicle groups. The slopes of parity plots for each vehicle group and all vehicles typically range from 0.90 to 1.10, indicating good accuracy. The two modeling approaches are similar to each other at the microscopic and macroscopic levels.

scholarly journals Evaluating the real-world implementation of the Family Nurse Partnership in England: protocol for a data linkage study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e038530
Author(s):  
Francesca L Cavallaro ◽  
Ruth Gilbert ◽  
Linda Wijlaars ◽  
Eilis Kennedy ◽  
Ailsa Swarbrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Home Visiting ◽  
Data Linkage ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
The Real ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Children In Care ◽  
Family Nurse Partnership

IntroductionAlmost 20 000 babies are born to teenage mothers each year in England, with poorer outcomes for mothers and babies than among older mothers. A nurse home visitation programme in the USA was found to improve a wide range of outcomes for young mothers and their children. However, a randomised controlled trial in England found no effect on short-term primary outcomes, although cognitive development up to age 2 showed improvement. Our study will use linked routinely collected health, education and social care data to evaluate the real-world effects of the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) on child outcomes up to age 7, with a focus on identifying whether the FNP works better for particular groups of families, thereby informing programme targeting and resource allocation.Methods and analysisWe will construct a retrospective cohort of all women aged 13–24 years giving birth in English NHS hospitals between 2010 and 2017, linking information on mothers and children from FNP programme data, Hospital Episodes Statistics and the National Pupil Database. To assess the effectiveness of FNP, we will compare outcomes for eligible mothers ever and never enrolled in FNP, and their children, using two analysis strategies to adjust for measured confounding: propensity score matching and analyses adjusting for maternal characteristics up to enrolment/28 weeks gestation. Outcomes of interest include early childhood development, childhood unplanned hospital admissions for injury or maltreatment-related diagnoses and children in care. Subgroup analyses will determine whether the effect of FNP varied according to maternal characteristics (eg, age and education).Ethics and disseminationThe Nottingham Research Ethics Committee approved this study. Mothers participating in FNP were supportive of our planned research. Results will inform policy-makers for targeting home visiting programmes. Methodological findings on the accuracy and reliability of cross-sectoral data linkage will be of interest to researchers.

scholarly journals Real-world performance of catalytic converters

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (7) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Samuel ◽  
D Morrey ◽  
M Fowkes ◽  
D H C Taylor ◽  
C P Garner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Real World ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Catalytic Converters ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
The Real ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Car Driving

This paper investigates experimentally the performance of a three-way catalytic (TWC) converter for real-world passenger car driving in the United Kingdom. A systematic approach is followed for the analysis using a Euro-IV vehicle coupled with a TWC converter. The analysis shows that the real-world performance of TWC converters is significantly different from the performance established on legislative test cycles. It is identified that a light-duty passenger vehicle certified for Euro-IV emissions reaches the gross polluting threshold limits during real-world driving conditions. This result is shown to have implications for overall emission levels and the use of remote emissions sensing and on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems.

scholarly journals Dynamics of an Information Spreading Model with Isolation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia-Xia Zhao ◽  
Jian-Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Hopf Bifurcation ◽  
Limit Cycle ◽  
Real World ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Real ◽  
Spreading Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bistable Phenomenon ◽  
Information Spreading

Information plays an important role in modern society. In this paper, we presented a mathematical model of information spreading with isolation. It was found that such a model has rich dynamics including Hopf bifurcation. The results showed that, for a wide range of parameters, there is a bistable phenomenon in the process of information spreading and thus the information cannot be well controlled. Moreover, the model has a limit cycle which implies that the information exhibits periodic outbreak which is consistent with the observations in the real world.

scholarly journals Failing Solidarity: Justified or Excused?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 189-218
Author(s):  
Eleonora Milazzo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Real World ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Real ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Eu

The concept of solidarity has been receiving growing attention from scholars in a wide range of disciplines. While this trend coincides with widespread unsuccessful attempts to achieve solidarity in the real world, the failure of solidarity as such remains a relatively unexplored topic. In the case of the so-called European Union (EU) refugee crisis, the fact that EU member states failed to fulfil their commitment to solidarity is now regarded as established wisdom. But as we try to come to terms with failing solidarity in the EU we are faced with a number of important questions: are all instances of failing solidarity equally morally reprehensible? Are some motivations for resorting to unsolidaristic measures more valid than others? What claims have an effective countervailing force against the commitment to act in solidarity?

scholarly journals Variability in Measured Real-World Operational Energy Use and Emission Rates of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Christopher Frey ◽  
Xiaohui Zheng ◽  
Jiangchuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Cold Starts

Compared to comparably sized conventional light duty gasoline vehicles (CLDGVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) may offer benefits of improved energy economy, reduced emissions, and the flexibility to use electricity as an energy source. PHEVs operate in either charge depleting (CD) or charge sustaining (CS) mode; the engine has the ability to turn on and off; and the engine can have multiple cold starts. A method is demonstrated for quantifying the real-world activity, energy use, and emissions of PHEVs, taking into account these operational characteristics and differences in electricity generation resource mix. A 2013 Toyota Prius plug-in was measured using a portable emission measurement system. Vehicle specific power (VSP) based modal average energy use and emission rates are inferred to assess trends in energy use and emissions with respect to engine load and for comparisons of engine on versus engine off, and cold start versus hot stabilized running. The results show that, compared to CLDGVs, the PHEV operating in CD mode has improved energy efficiency and lower CO2, CO, HC, NOx, and PM2.5 emission rates for a wide range of power generation fuel mixes. However, PHEV energy use and emission rates are highly variable, with periods of relatively high on-road emission rates related to cold starts.

Geospatial Variation of Real-World Tailpipe Emission Rates for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (14) ◽  
pp. 8968-8979
Author(s):  
Tanzila Khan ◽  
H. Christopher Frey ◽  
Nikhil Rastogi ◽  
Tongchuan Wei
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Gasoline Vehicles

Authorship Attribution for a Resource Poor Language—Urdu

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Zulqarnain Nazir ◽  
Khurram Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Kamran Malik ◽  
Waheed Anwar ◽  
Imran Sarwar Bajwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Real World ◽  
Authorship Attribution ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
The Real ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heterogeneous Datasets ◽  
Asian Languages

Authorship attribution refers to examining the writing style of authors to determine the likelihood of the original author of a document from a given set of potential authors. Due to the wide range of authorship attribution applications, a plethora of studies have been conducted for various Western, as well as Asian, languages. However, authorship attribution research in the Urdu language has just begun, although Urdu is widely acknowledged as a prominent South Asian language. Furthermore, the existing studies on authorship attribution in Urdu have addressed a considerably easier problem of having less than 20 candidate authors, which is far from the real-world settings. Therefore, the findings from these studies may not be applicable to the real-world settings. To that end, we have made three key contributions: First, we have developed a large authorship attribution corpus for Urdu, which is a low-resource language. The corpus is composed of over 2.6 million tokens and 21,938 news articles by 94 authors, which makes it a closer substitute to the real-world settings. Second, we have analyzed hundreds of stylometry features used in the literature to identify 194 features that are applicable to the Urdu language and developed a taxonomy of these features. Finally, we have performed 66 experiments using two heterogeneous datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of four traditional and three deep learning techniques. The experimental results show the following: (a) Our developed corpus is many folds larger than the existing corpora, and it is more challenging than its counterparts for the authorship attribution task, and (b) Convolutional Neutral Networks is the most effective technique, as it achieved a nearly perfect F1 score of 0.989 for an existing corpus and 0.910 for our newly developed corpus.

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