Developing a Process for Deploying Systemic Countermeasures at Unsignalized Intersections: Case Study of Virginia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 538-547
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Cottrell ◽  
In-Kyu Lim
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Improvement Plan ◽  
Systemic Analysis ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

This paper discusses the process used to develop a safety improvement plan for unsignalized intersections using systemic low-cost countermeasures. The scope of this project focused on unsignalized intersections with stop sign control on the minor approaches. The first objective was to perform an assessment of Virginia’s unsignalized intersection crashes over a five-year period to determine predominant crash trends and collision types to target for treatment. The four focus collision types with the highest frequency of crashes and the greatest potential reduction in crashes were 3-leg angle, 3-leg fixed object off the road, 4-leg angle and 4-leg rear end. Chi-square automatic interaction detection decision tree analysis was used to perform a systemic analysis to identify a group of intersections associated with potential risk factors related to the focus collision types. A tiered list of systemic countermeasures to deploy was developed. The countermeasures were intended to warn of the stop ahead, make the stop sign and stop location more visible on a minor street, and to warn of the intersection ahead on a major street. The potential for safety improvement measure was used to prioritize the candidate treatment intersections. Before deployment, a study of the intersection by district traffic engineering staff was planned to finalize the plan. The output from the research was a safety improvement plan to systemically deploy treatments to unsignalized intersections as part of the safety program.

scholarly journals Digital Recruitment and Acceptance of a Stepwise Model to Prevent Chronic Disease in the Danish Primary Care Sector: Cross-Sectional Study (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bruun Larsen ◽  
Jens Sondergaard ◽  
Janus Laust Thomsen ◽  
Anders Halling ◽  
Anders Larrabee Sønderlund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Health Checks

BACKGROUND During recent years, stepwise approaches to health checks have been advanced as an alternative to general health checks. In 2013, we set up the Early Detection and Prevention project (Tidlig Opsporing og Forebyggelse, TOF) to develop a stepwise approach aimed at patients at high or moderate risk of a chronic disease. A novel feature was the use of a personal digital mailbox for recruiting participants. A personal digital mailbox is a secure digital mailbox provided by the Danish public authorities. Apart from being both safe and secure, it is a low-cost, quick, and easy way to reach Danish residents. OBJECTIVE In this study we analyze the association between the rates of acceptance of 2 digital invitations sent to a personal digital mailbox and the sociodemographic determinants, medical treatment, and health care usage in a stepwise primary care model for the prevention of chronic diseases. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the rates of acceptance of 2 digital invitations sent to randomly selected residents born between 1957 and 1986 and residing in 2 Danish municipalities. The outcome was acceptance of the 2 digital invitations. Statistical associations were determined by Poisson regression. Data-driven chi-square automatic interaction detection method was used to generate a decision tree analysis, predicting acceptance of the digital invitations. RESULTS A total of 8814 patients received an invitation in their digital mailbox from 47 general practitioners. A total of 40.22% (3545/8814) accepted the first digital invitation, and 30.19 % (2661/8814) accepted both digital invitations. The rates of acceptance of both digital invitations were higher among women, older patients, patients of higher socioeconomic status, and patients not diagnosed with or being treated for diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the rates of acceptance of digital invitations to participate in a stepwise model for prevention of chronic diseases. More studies of digital invitations are needed to determine if the acceptance rates seen in this study should be expected from future studies as well. Similarly, more research is needed to determine whether a multimodal recruitment approach, including digital invitations to personal digital mailboxes will reach hard-to-reach subpopulations more effectively than digital invitations only.

PENERAPAN CHAID DENGAN PENDEKATAN SMOTE PADA KEMATIAN BALITA DI KAWASAN TIMUR INDONESIA TAHUN 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-367
Author(s):  
Isti Samrotul Hidayati ◽  
I Made Arcana
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Chi Squared

Metode Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) merupakan metode segmentasi berdasarkan hubungan variabel respon dan penjelas menggunakan uji chi-square, yang dalam penerapannya perlu memperhatikan keseimbangan data untuk meminimalkan kesalahan dalam klasifikasi. Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan pada data yang tidak seimbang adalah metode Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Dalam penelitian ini, metode CHAID dengan pendekatan SMOTE diterapkan pada Angka Kematian Balita (AKBa) di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI). Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui variabel-variabel yang mencirikan kematian balita berdasarkan metode analisis CHAID yang diterapkan dan membandingkannya dengan pendekatan SMOTE. Hasil perbandingan menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan SMOTE lebih baik digunakan dengan nilai sensitivitas sebesar 48,3% dan nilai presisi sebesar 75,9%. Variabel yang signifikan mencirikan kematian balita di KTI adalah berat badan saat lahir, jenis kelahiran, status bekerja ibu dan kekayaan rumah tangga, dengan karakteristik utama adalah balita yang memiliki berat badan lahir rendah dan terlahir kembar.

Understanding Gap Acceptance Behavior at Unsignalized Intersections using Naturalistic Driving Study Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110071
Author(s):  
Yingfeng (Eric) Li ◽  
Haiyan Hao ◽  
Ronald B. Gibbons ◽  
Alejandra Medina
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Wait Time ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Gap Acceptance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Naturalistic Driving

Even though drivers disregarding a stop sign is widely considered a major contributing factor for crashes at unsignalized intersections, an equally important problem that leads to severe crashes at such locations is misjudgment of gaps. This paper presents the results of an effort to fully understand gap acceptance behavior at unsignalized intersections using SHPR2 Naturalistic Driving Study data. The paper focuses on the findings of two research activities: the identification of critical gaps for common traffic/roadway scenarios at unsignalized intersections, and the investigation of significant factors affecting driver gap acceptance behaviors at such intersections. The study used multiple statistical and machine learning methods, allowing a comprehensive understanding of gap acceptance behavior while demonstrating the advantages of each method. Overall, the study showed an average critical gap of 5.25 s for right-turn and 6.19 s for left-turn movements. Although a variety of factors affected gap acceptance behaviors, gap size, wait time, major-road traffic volume, and how frequently the driver drives annually were examples of the most significant.

scholarly journals How to do no harm: empowering local leaders to make care safer in low-resource settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-337
Author(s):  
Charles A Vincent ◽  
Mwanamvua Mboga ◽  
David Gathara ◽  
Fred Were ◽  
Rene Amalberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Team Meetings ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
Do No Harm ◽  
Drug Doses ◽  
System Improvement ◽  
Local Leaders

In a companion paper, we showed how local hospital leaders could assess systems and identify key safety concerns and targets for system improvement. In the present paper, we consider how these leaders might implement practical, low-cost interventions to improve safety. Our focus is on making immediate safety improvements both to directly improve patient care and as a foundation for advancing care in the longer-term. We describe a ‘portfolio’ approach to safety improvement in four broad categories: prioritising critical processes, such as checking drug doses; strengthening the overall system of care, for example, by introducing multiprofessional handovers; control of known risks, such as only using continuous positive airway pressure when appropriate conditions are met; and enhancing detection and response to hazardous situations, such as introducing brief team meetings to identify and respond to immediate threats and challenges. Local clinical leaders and managers face numerous challenges in delivering safe care but, if given sufficient support, they are nevertheless in a position to bring about major improvements. Skills in improving safety and quality should be recognised as equivalent to any other form of (sub)specialty training and as an essential element of any senior clinical or management role. National professional organisations need to promote appropriate education and provide coaching, mentorship and support to local leaders.

scholarly journals Management of Fraud: Case of an Indian Insurance Company

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Sunita Mall ◽  
Prasun Ghosh ◽  
Parita Shah
Keyword(s):  
Claims Data ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Indian Insurance

Frauds in insurance are typically where a fraudster tries to gain undue benefit from the insurance contract by ignorance or wilful manipulation. Using the claims data in motor insurance obtained from a Mumbai based insurance company for the time period of 2010-2016, this study focuses on studying the pattern exhibited by those claims which have been rejected and accepted as well. The prime objective of the study is to identify the important or the significant triggers of fraud and predicting the fraudulent behaviour of the customers using the identified triggers in an existing algorithm. This study makes use of statistical techniques like logistic regression & CHAID (Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection) technique to identify the significant fraud triggers and to determine the probability of rejection & acceptance of each claim coming in future respectively. Data mining techniques like decision tree and confusion matrix are used on the important parameters to find all possible combinations of these significant variables and the bucket for each combination.This study finds that variables like Seats/Tonnage, No Claim Bonus, Type of Vehicle, Gross Written Premium, Sum Insured, Discounts, State Similarity and Previous Insurance details are found to be significant at 1% level of significance. The variables like Branch Code and Risk Types are found to be significant at 5% level of signify cance. The Gain chart depicts that our model is a fairly good model. This research would help the insurance company in settling the legitimate claims within less time and less cost and would also help in identifying the fraudulent claims.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Data Mining Dengan Metode CHAID Dalam Menentukan Status Kredit

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizki ◽  
Muhammad Isnaini Hadiyul Umam ◽  
Muhammad Luthfi Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Detection Analysis

Seiring dengan digalakkannya Industrial 4.0, data mining menjadi topik yang hangat untuk bahas dikalangan peneliti. Perkembangan teknologi yang begitu cepat memaksa kita untuk dapat mengambil keputusan dengan cepat pula. Kredit macet menjadi salah satu resiko terbesar lembaga keuangan. Resiko kredit macet ini wajib diminimalisir dengan menganalisa faktor status nasabah berdasarkan data personalnya, sehingga dapat dilakukan klasifikasi berdasarkan  hubungan antar faktor tersebut. Salah satu kunci utama memenangkan persaingan pasar yaitu dengan menentukan target pasar. Data mining menyediakan banyak alat bantu untuk klasifikasi, salah satunya dengan menggunakan metode analisis CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection Analysis). Diagram pohon keputusan yang dihasilan dari Analisis CHAID dapat memberikan informasi tentang derajat hubungan antara variable independent dan dependent, serta informasi tentang karakteristik masing-masing kategori. Dalam hal ini, analisis CHAID digunakan untuk menentukan klasifikasi nasabah berdasarkan status kredit nasabah sebagai variable terikat dan data pribadi nasabah sebagai variable bebas. Dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square, dari total 7 variables independent, hanya 5 variable yang signifikan dengan variable dependent. Variable-variable tersebut adalah variable independent usia, pekerjaan, pendidikan, jangka waktu dan jumlah pinjaman. Berdasarkan hasil analisis CHAID didapatkan empat kelas. Kelas nasabah dengan pekerjaan sebagai (Aparatur Sipil Negara) ASN merupakan kelas yang memiliki resiko kredit macet yang paling minimal.

scholarly journals Functional Outcome of Intramedullary Nailing with Rush Pin for Pediatric Both Bone Fractures of Forearm in Western Hilly Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Rahul Shrestha ◽  
Subin Byanjankar ◽  
Rajeev Dwivedi ◽  
Ruban Raj Joshi ◽  
Mahesh Raj Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Intramedullary Nailing ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Western World ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Elastic Nails ◽  
Mean Time

Introduction: Both bone diaphysis fracture of forearm is common in children of hilly area in Nepal because the children climbs tree and cliff for playing and cutting grass. Close reduction and casting is the preferred method of treatment these fractures but the chances of re-displacement is very high. Intramedullary nailing with titanium elastic nails or rush pins is widely accepted these days with good outcome. Titanium nails are popular in western world but is costly whereas rush pins are cheap and are preferred in developing world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of intramedullary rush pin for pediatric both bone fracture of forearm. Methods: In this retrospective, observational study done from 1st of February 2017 to 31st of March 2017, a total of sixty patients with both bone fractures of forearm were treated with intramedullary rush pin and followed up for six months for evaluation of functional outcome. T-test and Chi-square tests were done. Results: Closed reduction and internal fixation was done in 48 (80%) patients. Mean age of the patients was 9.23 year (SD=2.77). Fifty-six (93.3%) patients were male with a significant difference (p<0.001). With price et al. grading system, 49 (81.7%) patients had excellent results, nine (15%) had good and two (3.3%) patients had fair results. There was no major complication. Mean time to implant removal was 24.16 weeks (SD=1.62) from the time of surgery with range of 20 to 28 weeks. Among transverse and oblique fractures, patients with transverse fracture were likely to have better outcome (p=0.04). Conclusion: Intramedullary nailing with rush pin gives excellent to good functional outcome in majority of the cases without major complications at low cost for management of both bone fractures of forearm in children.

scholarly journals Suicidality In Individuals With Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Review of Registry Survey Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analise Peleggi ◽  
Jessica Bohonowych ◽  
Theresa Strong ◽  
Lauren Schwartz ◽  
Soo-Jeong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Prader Willi Syndrome ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Behavioral Challenges ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Social Skills Deficits

Abstract BACKGROUND: Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare, genetic, neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with hyperphagia and early onset obesity, growth and sex hormone insufficiencies, mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, and behavioral challenges such as compulsivity, anxiety, skin picking, social skills deficits and temper outbursts. Given high rates of psychiatric comorbidity and potential risk factors for suicide in PWS, this study sought a first estimate of the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and attempts (SA) in the PWS population and any characteristics associated with suicidality in this population. METHODS: Using the Global Prader-Willi Syndrome Registry, we included all participants who had answered a question about SI. We examined the most recent data from the surveys about social, economic, and demographic factors, genetic subtype, and psychiatric symptoms and treatments. A chi-square analysis was used to compare registry participants who reported SI to those without reported SI. RESULTS: From 750 included survey respondents, 94 (12.5%) endorsed some history of SI. Of these, 25 (26.6%) also reported a history of SA, with an average age of 16.25 years at their first attempt. Those with a history of SI were predominantly male and adult age, and had higher rates of aggression and psychiatric comorbidities, therapies, and medications. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the rate of SI and SA in PWS is comparable to the general population, and that suicide attempts in PWS typically begin in middle-teenage years. Despite unique challenges, individuals with PWS and their caregivers should be included in screens and psychoeducation for suicide and mental health concerns.

scholarly journals High preterm birth at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as a national referral hospital in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sungkar ◽  
Adly N.A. Fattah ◽  
Raymond Surya ◽  
Budi I. Santoso ◽  
Ivica Zalud
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
National Referral Hospital

Background: Preterm birth is the leading direct that causes neonatal death. Indonesia was listed as one of the countries with the greatest number of preterm birth in 2010. This study aims to identify the prevalence and the potential risk factors of preterm birth among women underwent delivery in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, an Indonesian national reference hospital.Methods: This retrospective cohort study involved 2,612 women who delivered between January and December 2013. Any clinical data which related to the potential risk factors and outcomes were recorded. The data were managed using chi-square for bivariate analysis and t-test or Mann-Whitney for numerical data followed by multiple logistic regression for multivariate analysis in SPSS version 20.0.Results: Preterm birth affected 1,020 of 2,616 pregnancies (38.5%). Non-booked patients increased nearly twice risk for preterm delivery (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.37–2.61). While women with singleton pregnancy (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.12–0.25), head presentation (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63–0.89), and regular ANC (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.54–0.84) had lower risk for preterm birth. Apgar score, birthweight, and mode of delivery were significantly different between the pre-term group and the full-term group.Conclusion: Prevalence of preterm birth in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital was approximately 2.5 times higher compared to the national number. Several factors reducing preterm birth rate include singleton pregnancy, head presentation, and regular ANC.

Abstract 17385: CPR Education in High-need Schools to Increase Student Knowledge and Comfort Performing CPR

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Heard ◽  
Comilla Sasson
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Classroom Teacher ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
Cpr Training

Introduction: Low-income neighborhoods are important targets for CPR trainings as they typically have high incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and low prevalence of bystander CPR. Training middle school students in these neighborhoods is a novel intervention to increase CPR awareness. Objective: Conduct a school-based CPR intervention using classroom teachers as facilitators at 1131 middle schools across the United States with a high proportion of students from lower-income families. Methods: Population: 1131 public middle and high schools in 34 states (including the District of Columbia) were selected for the 2014-2015 school year to participate based on close proximity to sponsor’s U.S. store locations and 50% or more student eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch. Intervention: Participants completed a pre-test survey to assess baseline knowledge of CPR and comfort performing CPR. A classroom Hands-Only CPR training lasting one class period was conducted with the CPR in Schools Training Kit™, which includes an educational DVD, 10 manikins and resources for any classroom teacher to conduct trainings. Participants then completed post-training knowledge and comfort survey. McNemar’s tests on paired data and chi square and t-tests on aggregated unpaired data were conducted to assess for differences in CPR knowledge and comfort performing CPR pre- and post-training. Results: Training data were returned by 563 (49.8%) participating schools training a total of 150,409 students in Hands-Only CPR. Using a sample of returned data, the mean number of questions answered correctly on CPR knowledge increased from 2.5 to 4.2 (out of 5). The majority of participants (75.8%) felt comfortable performing Hands-Only CPR after the intervention. Conclusion: A total of 150,409 students from 563 schools were trained in Hands-Only CPR (average 267 students/CPR in Schools Training Kit). At $625 per CPR in Schools Training Kit (with 10 manikins and materials), training cost $4.70 for each student trained. Participants demonstrated increased knowledge of and comfort performing CPR. The CPR in Schools Training Kit is a low cost and promising method for increasing bystander CPR awareness in the student population in low-income neighborhoods.

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