Investigation of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mortars

1996 ◽  
Vol 1530 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ray Brown ◽  
John E. Haddock ◽  
Campbell Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asphalt Pavements ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Stone Matrix

The use of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) has continued to increase in the United States since its initial application in 1991. This preference for SMA has been linked to its ability to withstand heavy traffic without rutting. The antirutting capability of SMA is normally accredited to the presence of a stone-on-stone aggregate skeleton in the mixture. However, the mortar in an SMA mixture is also important. The mortar is composed of fine aggregate, filler, asphalt cement, and a stabilizing additive. Work to characterize SMA mortars is detailed. For testing purposes, the mortar was broken into separate phases, total mortar and fine mortar. The fine mortar was tested using the Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements system (Superpave) binder tests. The total mortar was tested using the bending beam rheometer, resilient modulus, indirect tensile test, and Brookfield vis-cometer. The results indicate that the fine and total mortars are closely related. In addition, it was determined that at least some of the Superpave tests can be used to characterize SMA mortars. It is recommended that further testing be completed and specification criteria be established for the mortar.

scholarly journals Influence of fly ash on the volumetric and physical properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 128-142
Author(s):  
Shahad Mahmood Khalil ◽  
Saad I. Sarsam
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Asphalt Concrete ◽  
Moisture Damage ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Asphalt Content ◽  
Temperature Susceptibility ◽  
Stone Matrix

Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt concrete hot blend combining high-quality coarse aggregate with a rich asphalt cement content. This blend generates a stable paving combination with a powerful stone-on-stone skeleton that offers excellent durability and routing strength. The objectives of this work are: Studying the durability performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture in terms of moisture damage and temperature susceptibility and Discovering the effect of stabilized additive (Fly Ash ) on the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture. In this investigation, the durability of stone matrix asphalt concrete was assessed in terms of temperature susceptibility, resistance to moisture damage, and sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content. Specimens of 63.5 mm height and 102 mm diameter were compacted using the Marshall method at 150 °C. The optimum asphalt content was determined. Additional specimens were prepared with (0.5) percent below and above the OAC requirement. Specimens were subjected to indirect tensile strength (ITS) determination at (25 and 40) °C, and double punch shear strength determination. Another group of specimens was subjected to Marshall properties determination and to moisture damage. It was observed that stone matrix asphalt exhibit lower sensitivity to the change in asphalt content from the resistance to moisture damage and temperature susceptibility points of view. However, the tensile and shear properties exhibit significant sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content.

Method To Ensure Stone-on-Stone Contact in Stone Matrix Asphalt Paving Mixtures

1997 ◽  
Vol 1583 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Brown ◽  
John E. Haddock
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Aggregate Breakdown ◽  
Superpave Gyratory Compactor ◽  
Asphalt Paving ◽  
Stone Matrix

The use of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) has continued to rise in the United States because of its ability to withstand heavy traffic without rutting. This ability is derived from a stone-on-stone coarse aggregate skeleton. While this coarse aggregate skeleton is imperative for SMA to perform, no quantitative method exists to measure it. A method for determining when stone-on-stone contact exists is presented. The proposed method first determines the voids in the coarse aggregate (VCA) for the coarse aggregate–only fraction of the SMA mixture. Second, the VCA is determined for the entire SMA mixture. When the two VCA values are compared, the VCA of the SMA mixture should be less than or equal to the VCA of the coarse aggregate–only fraction to ensure that stone-on-stone contact exists in the mixture. Five different methods for determining the VCA of the coarse aggregate–only fraction were used to see which performed best and was the most practical. The aggregate degradation produced by each of the five methods was also determined and compared with the coarse aggregate breakdown produced in an SMA mixture compacted with 50 blows of a Marshall hammer. The results indicate that the Superpave gyratory compactor and dry-rodded methods produced the best results. Both methods are recommended for further testing.

Comparative study of performance of natural fibres and crumb rubber modified stone matrix asphalt mixtures

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Shweta Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Natural Fibres ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Stone Matrix ◽  
Asphalt Film

Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded mix that contains a high concentration of coarse aggregate, thereby maximizing stone-to-stone contact in the mixture and providing an efficient network for load distribution. Coarse aggregate particles are held together by a rich matrix of mineral filler and stabilizer in the thick asphalt film. This paper presents details on the laboratory studies carried out on stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures with natural fibres and crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB). Indirect tensile strength, retained stability, resistance to moisture susceptibility, resistance to rutting, resistance to creep, and resistance to permeability and aging were found to improve with SMA mixtures with CRMB when compared with SMA mixtures with fibres as stabilizers.Key words: natural fibres, CRMB, SMA mixtures, draindown, moisture damage, creep, rutting, permeability, aging.

Updated Review of Stone Matrix Asphalt and Superpave® Projects

2003 ◽  
Vol 1832 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mix Design ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
High Traffic Volume ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Stone Matrix

Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) and Superpave® represent relatively new mix design technologies in the United States. Therefore, a condition survey was conducted of mixes that had been in service for several years to evaluate the long-term performance of SMA and Superpave projects. This study is a follow-up to a 1995 review of SMA projects and a 1998 review of Superpave projects. Both SMA and Superpave are acknowledged to be rut-resistant mixes, and this resistance was shown to be the case during this project review. However, a significant amount of cracking occurred early in the life of some of these mixtures. Overall, the SMA mixtures appeared to be more durable than the Superpave mixtures evaluated. The SMA mixtures have been in place about 2½ years longer than the Superpave mixtures, but the overall condition is about the same. Some of the primary conclusions from the survey are as follows: both SMA and Superpave mixtures were shown to be rut-resistant even when placed on facilities with high traffic volume; much of the observed cracking, especially load cracking, appeared to be more related to problems other than mix design or material properties; and SMA mixtures can be expected to last longer than Superpave mixtures before reaching the same condition level.

Implementation of Cold In-Place Recycling with Expanded Asphalt Technology in Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 1905 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becca Lane ◽  
Tom Kazmierowski
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Pavement Rehabilitation ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Foamed Asphalt ◽  
Pavement Roughness ◽  
Asphalt Mix ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Emulsified Asphalt ◽  
Falling Weight

Cold in-place recycling (CIR) is a pavement rehabilitation method that processes an existing hot-mix pavement, sizes it, mixes in additional asphalt cement, and lays it back down without off-site hauling and processing. The added asphalt cement is typically emulsified asphalt. A recent development in CIR technology is the use of expanded (foamed) asphalt rather than emulsified asphalt to bind the mix. This combination of CIR and expanded asphalt technologies is termed cold in-place recycled expanded asphalt mix (CIREAM). The Ministry of Transportation Ontario (MTO) constructed a CIREAM trial section on Highway 7 in July 2003. The 5-km CIREAM trial section was constructed adjacent to an 8-km section on which conventional CIR was performed. CIREAM placement resulted in a smooth, hard, uniform surface that provided an excellent platform for paving operations. The CIREAM placement progressed in a continuous and efficient manner, with 5 km placed over a 3-day period. Indirect tensile strength testing was carried out on both materials during construction. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing and evaluation of pavement roughness and rutting by the use of MTO's automatic road analyzer (ARAN) were carried out. Resilient modulus testing of core samples of the CIR material and CIREAM was also carried out. The results of the FWD, ARAN, and resilient modulus tests indicated that the CIR and CIREAM pavements were performing similarly. A field review 1 year after construction showed no discernible distortion, rutting, or cracking. On the basis of short-term results, CIREAM appears to be an acceptable in-place recycling and rehabilitation strategy that provides an economical alternative to conventional CIR, reduces curing time, and extends the construction season.

Effect of Modified Asphalt Cement of the Performance of Stone Matrix Mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (5A) ◽  
pp. 789-800
Author(s):  
Duaa A. Khalaf ◽  
Zaynab I. Qasim ◽  
Karim H. Al Helo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fracture Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Indirect Tensile Strength ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Indirect Tensile ◽  
Marshall Stability ◽  
Stone Matrix

This research investigates the behavior of Stone Matrix Asphalt mixtures (SMA) modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer at four percentages (1, 2, 3 and 4%) by weight of asphalt cement. The moisture susceptibility and rutting were taken into consideration in this study. To achieve the objective of this research the superpave system is conducted to design the asphalt mixtures. The physical properties of aggregate, bitumen and other mix materials were assessed and evaluated with the laboratory tests. The mixtures were prepared using penetration Graded (40-50) bitumen and a chemical named Polypropylene Fibers was used as a stabilizing additive. Fibers have been used in SMA mixtures for two main reasons: To increase the toughness and fracture resistance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) and to act as a stabilizer to prevent drain down of the asphalt binder. The laboratory tests include indirect tensile strength test, Marshall stability and retained Marshall Stability test (RMS). For rutting test the Roller wheel compactor is used for preparing the asphaltic samples and Wheel tracking device is used to evaluate the rutting of asphaltic slabs. The results showed that the SBS polymer asphalt mixture gave better moisture sensitivity and better fracture resistance according to the study.It is noted that indirect tensile strength ratio (TSR) increases by 93.1 % and the rut depth decreases by 32.5 % when adding 3% SBS polymer to SMA.

Construction of Stone Matrix Asphalt Section at Edwards Air Force Base

1996 ◽  
Vol 1543 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
James E. Shoenberger
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Asphalt Cement ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Stone Matrix

In February 1993, the U.S. Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency asked the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to provide technical assistance for construction of a stone matrix asphalt (SMA) pavement demonstration project at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB). In August 1993, approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of SMA pavement was placed on a road at Edwards AFB. The SMA mixture contained crushed stone, natural sand, fly ash, cellulose fiber, and an AR-4000 asphalt cement. The following summer, it was reported that excessive amounts of bleeding had occurred in all wheelpaths. An inspection in August 1994 confirmed this finding, and it was noted that the bleeding was worse near the intersections. The SMA mixture apparently contained too much asphalt cement. Several factors contributed to the bleeding: (a) the SMA mixture as designed contained too many fines, especially in passing the No. 4 sieve, compared with current guidance from the National Asphalt Paving Association and others; (b) the void content of the mixture may have been inadequate; and (c) samples obtained from the in-place pavement had a finer grading and higher asphalt content than specified. The bleeding has caused concern; however, no maintenance has been performed on the SMA pavement and no measurable rutting has occurred in the wheelpaths.

Évaluation de la résistance à la fatigue des enrobés bitumineux fondée sur l'évolution de l'endommagement du matériau en cours d'essai : aspects fondamentaux et application à l'enrobé à matrice de pierre

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 902-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Perraton ◽  
Hassan Baaj ◽  
Hervé Di Benedetto ◽  
Michel Paradis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
Stone Matrix

Fatigue of bituminous asphalts is one of the main types of pavement destruction. This phenomenon was studied extensively in Europe (RILEM) and in the United States (SHRP). There are no standardized tests in Quebec to assess asphalt fatigue resistance. In France, a new approach based on the determination of damage rates due to fatigue has been developed for a tension–compression test on asphalt core samples to study their fatigue strength. This paper presents a summary of the knowledge on asphalt fatigue. Damage rate analyses, developed by the DGCB (Département de Génie Civil et du Bâtiment) of the ENTPE at Lyon, is detailed and applied to stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Results show the validity of the approach by damage and the good fatigue damage strength of the SMA.Key words: bituminous asphalts, fatigue, complex module, damage, stone matrix asphalts (SMA), viscoelasticity, mechanical properties of bituminous asphalts.[Journal Translation]

scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of Anti Stripping Agents (ASAs) on Fatigue and Rutting Properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures Modified by Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Ameli ◽  
Javad Maher ◽  
Amir Mosavi ◽  
Narjes Nabipour ◽  
Rezvan Babagoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Rutting Resistance ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Waste Polyethylene ◽  
Stone Matrix

The current study assessed the influence of Anti Stripping Agents (ASA), Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) on performance behavior of binder and Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Through this paper, the 85/100 penetration grade bitumen was utilized as original bitumen. Also, three liquid ASA’s (ASA (A), ASA (B), ASA (C)) were used as a mixture modifier. For this purpose, softening point, penetration, rotational viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Multi Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were implemented to investigate the rheological properties of modified bitumen. For evaluating the behavior of modified mixtures several tests such as; Resilient Modulus, Tensile Strength, dynamic creep, wheel track and four-point beam fatigue tests were implemented. Based on MSCR test results, utilization of mentioned polymers enhanced the elasticity of bitumens and therefore the permanent deformation resistance of binders increases. Also by the addition of PET percentage, the rutting resistance improves. Results indicated that utilization of ASAs, PET and Crumb Rubber (CR) enhance the Resilient Modulus (Mr), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), rutting resistance, fatigue life and Fracture Energy (FE) of asphalt mixtures. Also based on results, modification of binder by PET/CR with a ratio of 50%/50% and ASA (B) have the highest fatigue life which indicates that this mixture has highest resistance against fatigue cracking.

scholarly journals Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) with Construction Waste and Curauá Fiber (Ananas erectifolius)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e410985227
Author(s):  
Patrícia de Magalhães Aragão Valença ◽  
Anne Karollynne Castro Monteiro ◽  
Cláudia Ávila Barbosa ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Neves de Castro ◽  
Consuelo Alves da Frota
Keyword(s):  
Void Ratio ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Construction And Demolition Waste ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Stone Matrix Asphalt ◽  
Final Composition ◽  
Curauá Fiber

The SMA mixtures are characterized by a high void ratio, which favors binder draindown. In order to avoid this effect, fibers are added to the mixture, which in this case came from Curauá da Amazônia (Ananas erectifolius). The final composition studied resulted in 75% coarse aggregate, 15% fine aggregate, 10% filler, 0.3% of the Curauá fiber residue, and CAP contents equal to 6.50% and 6.88% for the formulations with SMA-Crushed Stone (reference) and SMA-construction and demolition waste (alternative), respectively. The results showed for the Tensile Strength that the composites with CDW reached higher results. The Resilient Modulus values presented small variations for the set of compositions in all loading levels at a temperature of 25°C. However, at a temperature of 40°C, the aforementioned parameter presented decreases in both researched formulations. In general, at all levels examined, higher results were observed for the alternative mixture (SMA-CDW). It is noteworthy the highest results of this parameter when comparing the compositions with the Curauá fiber residue and the formulations mentioned in the literature, with the presence of other types of fibers. Regarding the increase in temperature, there was a decrease in results for both mechanical parameters (TS, DM), but with lower losses for the SMA-RCD composition.

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