Maternal Dietary Diversity and Growth of Children Under 24 Months of Age in Rural Dodoma, Tanzania

Objective: To identify predictors of maternal dietary diversity in rural Dodoma, Tanzania and assess its association with child growth outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 361 mothers with children under 24 months of age was conducted in 5 villages in rural Dodoma, Tanzania. Maternal diets were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and dietary diversity was categorized using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) guidelines. Child anthropometric measures were taken to calculate height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the association between maternal dietary diversity and children’s growth outcomes. Results: About 40% of mothers did not consume a diverse diet (MDD-W < 5), and 35% of children were stunted. Household production of greater number of crops was associated with greater MDD-W scores ( P < .01). Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with significantly greater child WHZ (mean difference = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.78; P = .01), WAZ (mean difference = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.08-0.65; P = .01), and reduced risk of wasting (odds ratio = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07-0.66; P = .01). Conclusions: Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with improved child WHZ and WAZ outcomes. Sustainable interventions to increase maternal dietary diversity may improve WHZ and WAZ in young children in similar settings.

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Associations of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices toward Anemia with Anemia Prevalence and Height-for-Age Z-Score among Indonesian Adolescent Girls

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/03795721211011136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. S92-S108

Author(s):

Rina Agustina ◽

Fadila Wirawan ◽

Arini A. Sadariskar ◽

Ainanur A. Setianingsing ◽

Khairun Nadiya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Z Score ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Height For Age

Background: Crucial gaps persist in knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of adolescent girls that affect anemia and linear growth failure. Objective: To understand the role of KAP as a risk factor of anemia and linear growth problem in adolescent girls. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 335 adolescent girls selected by clustered random sampling. The KAP questionnaire had 18 variables consisting of 9 knowledge, 3 attitude, and 6 practice components. Twelve variables addressed nutrition, dietary diversity, and health environments related to both anemia and stunting. The questionnaire was adapted from the 2014 Food and Agriculture Organization nutrition-related KAP guidelines for anemia. Dietary practice was evaluated from 2-day 24-hour recalls and a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Associations between KAP and anemia, and height-for-age z-score (HAZ), were analyzed using multivariate logistic and linear regression models, respectively. Results: The mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was 119.7 g/L, with 44% of the adolescent girls being anemic (Hb < 120 g/L) and mean height was 151.0 cm with 25% being stunted (HAZ < −2 standard deviation [SD]). The median KAP score was 7 and ranged from 3 to 10. Low to moderate KAP scores were not significantly associated with being anemic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.26; P = .43), however 1-point KAP score increment was associated with an increase of HAZ by 0.037 SD ( P = .012). Conclusions: The KAP related to diet and healthy environments was not associated with anemia prevalence, but was positively associated with increased HAZ among adolescent girls. Strategy to reduce anemia risk in this population should combine KAP improvement with other known effective nutrition interventions.

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Dietary Diversity is Associated with Nutrient Intakes and Nutritional Status of Children in Ghana

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v2i2.4179 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 105-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Chistina Antwiwaa Nti

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Child Growth ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Nutritional Status ◽

Weight For Age

Objective: The study was conducted with the objective of assessing the possible associations between dietary diversity, nutrient intakes and young child nutritional status in Ghana. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional survey involving one hundred mothers with young children between the ages of 6 and 18 months was conducted using a combination of methods. Structured interview using questionnaire, dietary assessment and anthropometry were used to collect the data. Dietary diversity was assessed by using food group count. The WHO (1998) recommended daily nutrient needs from complementary foods for infants receiving average breast milk intakes were used to assess the energy and nutrient content of the diets consumed by the children. The WHO (1983) reference was used to assess child nutritional status. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 in Windows. Results: About 16% of the study children were underweight whiles 8% were both stunted and wasted. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.6. Significant differences were observed between dietary diversity groupings and energy/nutrient intakes of the children. Generally, as dietary diversity improved, energy and nutrients intakes also in-creased. Again, dietary diversity was significantly associated with weight-for-age, length-for-age and weight-for-length. As dietary diversity increased, child nutritional status also improved. Children who had low dietary diversity exhibited low scores in terms of weight for age, length for age and weight for length. Conclusion: High dietary diversity improves energy and nutrients intakes, and hence dietary adequacy, as well as child growth and nutrition. Key Words: Dietary Diversity; Nutrient Intakes; Child Nutritional Status DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i2.4179 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 105-109

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Association of Dental Caries and Anthropometric Measures among Primary School Children

Children ◽

10.3390/children8030223 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

Wajiha Anzar ◽

Ambrina Qureshi ◽

Ashar Afaq ◽

Hiba F. Kattan ◽

Basil Almutairi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Primary School ◽

Clinical Data ◽

School Children ◽

Low Income ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Aim: This study aimed to investigate an association between dental caries status and anthropometric measures in primary school children. Methods and Materials: An analytical cross-sectional study (n = 376) was conducted among primary school children (age range = 6–9 years) registered in private schools. Non-clinical data was gathered from parents of participating children through a self-administered structured questionnaire as well as from the children through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Clinical data included the examination of dental caries using dmft/DMFT index and anthropometric measures including calculated z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), BMI-for-age (BAZ), and physical examination. Inferential statistics included Kruskal Wallis and linear regression for univariate and multivariate analysis respectively. Results: The proportion of dental caries in primary and secondary dentition was 67.6% and 8.2% respectively. A significant association was observed between dental caries status and HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ (p < 0.001). An inverse relation was found between low, medium, and high dental caries categories and anthropometric measures. Conclusions: In the primary dentition, dental caries were significantly and inversely related to weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age. Hence, it can be concluded that among the low-income population dental caries is associated with lower anthropometric outcomes in children and therefore caries management should be considered an approach impacting overall health and quality of life.

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Sustained Positive Deviant Child Care Practices and Their Effects on Child Growth in Viet Nam

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/15648265020234s204 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 23 (4_suppl2) ◽

pp. 16-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

U. Agnes Trinh Mackintosh ◽

David R. Marsh ◽

Dirk G. Schroeder

Keyword(s):

Child Growth ◽

Program Completion ◽

Viet Nam ◽

Nutrition Program ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total N ◽

Z Scores ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Save the Children's (SC) successful integrated nutrition program in Viet Nam, the poverty alleviation and nutrition program (PANP), uses the positive deviance (PD) approach to identify key growth promoting behaviors and provides participatory adult education allowing mothers to develop skills related to these behaviors. We investigated whether improvements seen during a PANP intervention (1993–1995) were sustained three and four years after SC's departure. Cross-sectional surveys were administered to 46 randomly selected households in four communes that had previously participated in the PANP and 25 households in a neighboring comparison community in 1998 and 1999. Two children per household, an older child who had participated in the PANP and a younger sibling who had not, were measured (total n = 142 children), and their mothers were interviewed. Older SC children tended to be better nourished than their counterparts. Their younger siblings were significantly better nourished than those in the comparison group, with adjusted mean weight-for-age Z scores of −1.82 versus −2.45 ( p = .007), weight-for-height Z scores of −0.71 versus −1.45 ( p < .001), and height-for-age Z scores of −2.11 and −2.37 (ns, p = .4), respectively. SC mothers reporting feeding the younger siblings more than their counterparts did (2.9 versus 2.2 main meals per day, p < .001, and 96.2% versus 52% offering snacks, p < .01]. SC mothers reported washing their hands “often” more than comparison mothers (100% vs. 76%, p < .001). Growth-promoting behaviors identified through PD studies and practiced through neighborhood-based rehabilitation sessions persisted years after program completion. These sustained behaviors contributed to better growth of younger siblings never exposed to the program.

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Nutritional Status among under-5 Children of a selected slum in Dhaka city

Northern International Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/nimcj.v7i2.29658 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 143-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md Aynal Hoque ◽

Md Abu Sayeed ◽

Mohammed Rizwanul Ahsan ◽

Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun ◽

Farhana Salim

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Birth Certificates ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Z Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background : Malnutrition is a serious public health problem that has been linked to increase risk of morbidity and mortality. Child malnutrition causes 27% of child deaths in developing countries in 2015.Objective : To estimate the nutritional status of under five children of a selected slum in Dhaka city.Methodology : This was a descriptive cross sectional study and conducted among 100 under 5 children purposively selected at Agargaon slum in Dhaka city during January-2015 to July-2015. Anthropometric measurements were taken by using standard methods. Those were weight, height, MUAC. Information regarding age of children was taken from patients birth certificates or hospital records. Nutritional status was estimated by calculating Z-score, weight for age, height for age, weight for height and mid upper arm circumference. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.Results : Mean age of the study population was 32.95 months. Male was 52% and female was 48%. Regarding Anthropometric assessment according to weight for height Z-score, 39% were wasted moderately and 13% were severely wasted and height for age Z-score, showed 47% of children were stunted moderately and 14% children were severely stunted. According to weight for age Zscore, 46% of children were moderately underweight and 16% children were severely underweight. According to MUAC classification 43% of children were in border line and 16% were malnutrition.Conclusions : Overall, nutritional status of the under 5 child of slum of Agargaon were not satisfactory.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.7(2) Jan 2016: 143-145

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Determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil: a hierarchical approach

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007000390 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 387-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ana Marlúcia Oliveira Assis ◽

Maurício Lima Barreto ◽

Lucivalda Pereira Magalhães de Oliveira ◽

Valterlinda Alves de Oliveira ◽

Matildes da Silva Prado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Income ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Severe Malnutrition ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Moderate Malnutrition ◽

Age Deficits ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers.DesignCross-sectional study conducted in October and November 1996, with a representative sample of 1740 children less than 5 years old from the city of Salvador, situated in the Brazilian Northeastern region. Socio-economic and dietary data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were performed in duplicate and data analysis was based upon the hierarchical model approach. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and to identify the determinants of mild-to-moderate deficits in weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores.ResultsFamily monthly income under US$67.00 per capita and family headed by a woman were the main basic determinants of mild-to-moderate weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits in the studied children. Household agglomeration, an underlying determinant, was associated with weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits. Among the immediate determinants, age above 6 months and dietary caloric availability in the lowest tertile (<930 kcal day−1) were also associated with weight-for-age deficits. In addition to these, hospitalisation in the 12 months preceding the interview was shown to be a predictor of mild-to-moderate weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits.ConclusionAdverse social and economic factors interact with family environmental factors to define food consumption and morbidity patterns that culminate in a high prevalence of mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The strengthening and restructuring of nutrition and healthcare actions, the definition of public policies that improve family income, and the adequate insertion of women in the labour market are possible strategies to reduce mild-to-moderate malnutrition and to sustain the decline already observed in severe malnutrition.

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Stunting and ‘overweight’ in the WHO Child Growth Standards – malnutrition among children in a poor area of China

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009990796 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1991-1998 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Xiaoli Wang ◽

Bengt Höjer ◽

Sufang Guo ◽

Shusheng Luo ◽

Wenyuan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Child Growth ◽

High Rate ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Growth Standards ◽

International Growth ◽

Who Standards ◽

Poor Area ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children ◽

Height For Age

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the present paper were to assess the nutritional status of children under 5 years old using the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards (‘the WHO standards’) and to compare the results with those obtained using the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference (‘the NCHS reference’).DesignThis was a community-based cross-sectional survey. The WHO standards were used to calculate Z-scores of height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) and BMI-for-age (BMIZ).SettingFifty counties of thirteen mid-western provinces, China.SubjectsA total 8041 children aged <5 years were measured during a 2-month period from August to October 2006.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting were 30·2 %, 10·2 % and 2·9 %, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and the possible risk of overweight were as high as 4·1 % and 16·8 %. Further analysis among the children with possible risk of overweight found that the percentage of stunting (HAZ < −2) was 57·6 %, the percentage with −2 ≤ HAZ ≤ 2 was 41·0 % and the percentage with HAZ > 2 was only 1·4 %. The prevalence of stunting was 21·9 % and of underweight was 12·7 % by the NCHS reference.ConclusionsStunting was the most serious problem that was impeding child growth and development. The high rate of ‘overweight’ was a false impression, the truth being ‘stunting overweight’, and the way to solve it should be to increase protein and other nutrients in the diet at an early age.

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Comparison of Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices between Urban and Rural Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sabah, East Malaysia

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2037

Author(s):

Mohammad Halim Bin Jeinie ◽

Rhanye Mac Guad ◽

Marion M. Hetherington ◽

Siew Hua Gan ◽

Yin Nwe Aung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Z Score ◽

Nutritional Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

School Students ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Balanced Diet ◽

And Gender

Nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) may guide healthy meal choices. Here, nutritional KAP was compared across school students in Sabah based on locality and gender. A cross-sectional survey of students aged 15–19 years was conducted using multistage sampling. Nutritional KAP was measured via questionnaire. Anthropometric measures of weight and height were taken in person to calculate body mass index (BMI). Among the 994 participants, 80% were urban and 60% were female (mean age 16.5 ± 0.6 yr). Most were of Kadazan-Dusun (23%) ethnicity. Measured height for age Z score (HAZ) and BMI for age Z score (BAZ) differed between urban and rural students (−1.2 ± 0.8 versus −1.5 ± 0.7 for HAZ; p < 0.001; 0.2 ± 1.4 versus −0.1 ± 1.3; p = 0.02, respectively). No difference in nutritional knowledge was found, although urban students prioritized having a healthy/balanced diet (59.55% versus 48.50%, p = 0.03) and ate daily breakfast (57.4% versus 10.2%, p < 0.001) compared to rural. Females scored higher on nutritional knowledge than males (18.9 ± 2.8 vs. 18.1 ± 3.4, respectively, p = 0.0001), yet males selected more healthy/balanced foods (63.3% versus 53.3%, p = 0.041). The gap remains between nutritional KAP and translating this to healthy eating among adolescents, related to locality and gender.

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Prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in under five years old children based in the WHO-2006 and CDC-2000 growth standard on Kintamani, Bangli

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi48.2.2008.76-80 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha

Keyword(s):

Normal Growth ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Z Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Growth Standard ◽

The Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background Healthy children will have normal growth according totheir age and gender. To assess and monitor the growth of children, agrowth standard is needed. The WHO and CDC released a newgrowth standard to replace the 1977 NCHS growth standard in April2006 and May 2000 respectively.Objective To obtain the prevalence of underweight, stunting andwasting in less than five years old children based on the WHO-2006and CDC-2000 growth standard and compared the results.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Songan Village,District of Kintamani, Bangli on December 2006. Healthy childrenaged 0-59 months who visited the study site were enrolled.Anthropometric data including weight and length/height were obtainedusing standard anthropometrics procedures by trained doctor assistants.Nutritional status was determined by calculating Z-score values (cut-off point -2SD) weight-for-age (underweight), length/height-for-age(stunting) and weight-for-length/height (wasting) using WHO-2006and CDC-2000 growth standard. McNemar test was done to compareboth results and P<0.05 was considered as a statistically significant.Results There were 264 children, consisted of 139 (52.7%) male and125 (47.3%) female. The prevalence of underweight, stunting andwasting based on WHO 2006 was 20.5%, 20.1% and 45.1%respectively and based on CDC 2000 was 26.5%, 12.1% and 52.3%.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.0001).Conclusion The prevalence of underweight and wasting in childrenless than five years old based on the WHO-2006 was lower comparedto that based on CDC-2000, while the prevalence of stunting washigher.

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Development of LMS and Z Score Growth References for Egyptian Children From Birth Up to 5 Years

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2020.598499 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Ali M. El Shafie ◽

Fady M. El-Gendy ◽

Dalia M. Allahony ◽

Hossam H. Hegran ◽

Zein A. Omar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Child Growth ◽

Z Score ◽

Egyptian Children ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Z Scores ◽

Growth References ◽

Height For Age ◽

Weight For Age

Background: The Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) and Z score methods are important for assessment of growth and nutritional status. In Egypt, there is a lack of this tool for monitoring growth in preschool children.Objective: To develop LMS and Z score growth references for assessment of growth and nutritional status for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years.Methods: A total of 27,537 children [13,888 boys (50.4%) and 13,649 girls (49.6%)] from birth up to 5 years were included in a multistage cross sectional randomized study from different Egyptian geographic districts to create LMS and Z score references for weight, length/height, and body mass index corresponding to age in addition to weight for length/height. Healthy term infants and children, exclusive breast feeding for at least 4 months and not suffering from any chronic diseases were included in this study. Children with dysmorphic features, preterm infants, admitted in neonatal or pediatric intensive care units and having any chronic diseases (hematological, cardiac, hepatic, and renal) were excluded. In addition any health condition that affects child growth including nutritional disorders was also excluded. Un-paired t-test was calculated to compare the means of weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for-age z scores of the Egyptian and WHO reference values.Results: Through detailed tables and graphs, LMS and Z scores for weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for age of both sexes were represented. Our findings showed no statistically significant difference between reference charts of WHO and Egyptian Z score charts (P > 0.05).Conclusion: This study provides the first reference for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years based on Z score tool for assessment the growth and nutritional status in various clinical conditions and research, also allows comparison with references of other countries.

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