Negative Responses to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Victims’ Symptoms of PTSD and Depression: The Protective Role of Ethnic Identity

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 4638-4660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Nikulina ◽  
Adrian Bautista ◽  
Elissa J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Black African ◽  
Mainstream Culture ◽  
First Disclosure

College-aged women experience high rates of sexual victimization. Their postassault symptoms are associated with the types of responses they receive from the people to whom they disclose these experiences. Negative responses are pervasive and associated with poorer outcomes. The current study examined whether a strong sense of ethnic identity and comfort with the mainstream culture moderate the association between negative responses to the first disclosure of sexual victimization and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. A diverse sample (10% Black/African American, 51% White, 39% Other, and 66% Hispanic) of undergraduate women was recruited from two urban, Eastern United States universities for this online study. Participants reported histories of sexual victimization, demographics, responses to sexual assault disclosure (i.e., victim blame, treating the victim differently, taking control, distraction, and egocentric reactions), symptoms of PTSD and depression, and their ethnic identity and mainstream cultural comfort. Thirty-seven percent ( n = 221) endorsed an experience of sexual victimization, and 165 disclosed it to someone. Hierarchical ordinary least squares regressions revealed that a stronger sense of ethnic identity was associated with fewer symptoms of PTSD for those women who experienced higher levels of control, distraction, and egocentric responses from the first disclosure recipient. A strong sense of affiliation with the mainstream culture did not protect survivors who reported receiving negative responses to disclosure against symptoms of PTSD or depression. Ethnic affiliation may protect women against PTSD when they receive high levels of negative messages about sexual victimization experiences.

Drug Use among African Americans: Ethnic Identity as a Protective Factor

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1427-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith S. Brook ◽  
Elinor B. Balka ◽  
David W Brook ◽  
Pe T. Win ◽  
Michal D. Gursen
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
African American Youth ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Main Effects

This study examined the multiple components of ethnic identity, the place of this ethnic identity set in the mediational model of the path to drug use predicted by our family interactional framework, and the protective role of each component of ethnic identity. The participants were 259 male and 368 female African Americans in late adolescence. They responded to a structured questionnaire in individual interviews. We found that few of the specific components of ethnic identity were significantly related as main effects to drug use. Most of the effect of ethnic identity was mediated by the family set of variables. Each of the components of ethnic identity offset risks or enhanced protective factors from the ecology, family, personality, and peer domains, thereby lessening drug use. This pattern highlights the importance of incorporating ethnic identity into drug prevention programs which serve African-American youth.

The Intersection of Sexual and Racial/Ethnic Identity Centrality and Mental Well-Being among Black and Latinx Sexual Minority Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 019027252110376
Author(s):  
Zelma Oyarvide Tuthill
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Identity Centrality ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Studies document how identity related processes, including identity centrality, shape mental well being. More research, however, is needed that considers how identity centrality impacts well being for people with more than one marginalized identity. Drawing from data from 1,571 black and Latinx sexual minorities included in the Social Justice Sexuality Project, I apply an intercategorical intersectional approach to examine the association between the intersection of sexual and racial/ethnic identity centrality and mental well being. Ordinary least squares regression models show three key findings. First, I found a significant association between both racial/ethnic and sexual identity centrality and mental well being. Second, my results highlight a significant interaction effect between sexual and racial/ethnic identity centrality, indicating the relationship between centrality and well being varies across different levels of centrality. Finally, my results indicate that after adjusting for identity centrality, other predictors remain significantly associated with well being.

Binegativity Exacerbates the Effects of Sexual Victimization Disclosure on Posttraumatic Stress and Drinking Among Bisexual Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110479
Author(s):  
Selime R. Salim ◽  
Lee R. Eshelman ◽  
Terri L. Messman
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Hazardous Drinking ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Lesbian Women ◽  
Bisexual Women ◽  
Victimization Experience ◽  
Bisexual Identity

Bisexual women experience higher rates of sexual victimization and mental health problems compared to heterosexual and lesbian women. Bisexual women also receive more unsupportive or overtly negative reactions when they disclose experiences of sexual victimization. The current study aimed to examine the interaction of negative social reactions and binegativity (i.e., experiences of stigma due to bisexual identity) in predicting posttraumatic stress, depression, and hazardous drinking among bisexual women. The sample consisted of 161 young adult bisexual women (ages 18–35) who disclosed a sexual victimization experience to at least one person. Moderation analyses were conducted via the PROCESS macro for SPSS. “Turning against” reactions to disclosure (e.g., victim blame and avoidance of the victim) predicted increased posttraumatic stress and hazardous drinking in the presence of binegativity. In addition, reactions to disclosure that acknowledged the experience but were unsupportive predicted increased drinking in the context of binegativity. Depression was not associated with either type of negative reactions, regardless of binegativity. Thus, findings suggest that binegativity in combination with negative responses to disclosure of sexual victimization are important factors in specific types of distress related to sexual violence among bisexual women. Implications for research, clinical intervention, and policy are discussed.

Ethnic variation in the phonology of Namibian English

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-224
Author(s):  
Anne Schröder ◽  
Frederic Zähres ◽  
Alexander Kautzsch
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Acoustic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Studies on the pronunciation of Namibian English (NamE) have shown strong evidence for ethnically conditioned variation within the NamE vowel system. Thus, NamE should not be seen as a monolithic entity but rather as a group of ethnically and/or socially conditioned varieties. In this paper, we undertake a first approach to Baster English, a potential ethnic variety of NamE. The Rehoboth Basters constitute a unique ethnically mixed Afrikaans-speaking group from South Africa, who settled in Namibia in the 19th century and are known for their strong sense of a separate local and ethnic identity. Triangulating the results of a quantitative questionnaire on language attitudes and acoustic analyses of vocalic features in informants’ pronunciation, we demonstrate how the Basters’ unique identity translates into linguistic practice in a multi-ethnic and multilingual environment.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF GENERAL WELL-BEING IN BLACK MALES WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S394-S394
Author(s):  
Darlingtina Atakere
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
African American Males ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Active Coping ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Black African

Abstract Over the last decades, considerable attention has been directed towards examining the well-being of people living with chronic illness. The presence of one or more chronic illnesses challenges their quality of life and general well-being, thus, impacting their abilities to function physically, psychologically, and socially. I investigated reports of general well-being in Black males with chronic illness(es) in a sample of N=242 participants. The males were aged 35–63 and identified as Black/African American males. The participants responded to items assessing general well-being; ethnic identity; self-esteem; active coping; the presence of chronic illness(es); and additional demographic, social and ecological characteristics. Analyses of responses indicated that marital status, ethnic identity, self-esteem are significant determinants of general well-being in Black males with chronic illness(es). Data further showed active coping to be negatively correlated with well-being. I discuss the implications of results for the understanding of health outcomes among this marginalized population.

scholarly journals General Well-Being in Adult Black Males With Chronic Illness

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 233372141985566
Author(s):  
Darlingtina Esiaka ◽  
Pegah Naemi ◽  
Araba Kuofie ◽  
Riley Hess
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Active Coping ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Black African ◽  
Functional Capacities

As individuals age, they witness a decline in physical health and functional capacities. The presence of one or more chronic illnesses challenges their quality of life and general well-being, thus, impacting their abilities to function physically, psychologically, and socially. We investigated reports of general well-being in older Black males with chronic illness(es) in a study of N = 145 participants, aged 35 to 63, and identified as Black/African American male. Participants responded to items assessing general well-being; ethnic identity; self-esteem; active coping; the presence of chronic illness(es); and additional demographic, social and ecological characteristics. Analyses of responses indicated that marital status (β = –.17, p < .05), ethnic identity (β = –.34, p = .00), self-esteem (β = .22, p = .03) are significant determinants of general well-being in Black males with chronic illness(es). Data further showed active coping ( β = –.41 p = .09) to be negatively correlated with well-being. We discuss the implications of results for the understanding of health outcomes among this marginalized population.

scholarly journals The New Perception of the Other in Chipilo, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-35
Author(s):  
Lucia Sbrighi ◽  
Louise Mary Greathouse Amador ◽  
Patricia N. Preciado Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Mixed Marriages ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
Community Data ◽  
Italian Origin

This ethnographic work focuses on Chipilo, a bilingual immigrant community of Italian origin in Mexico that has managed to maintain its dialect and culture for more than six generations thanks to a strong sense and pride of its ethnic identity. Socioeconomic changes and increase in mixed marriages during the last twenty years have affected the process of identity construction. Starting with an analysis of the characteristics that have typically come to define identity and otherness, we examine the new perception of “the other” from the internal perspective of the community. Data derived from a corpus of interviews provide grounds to claim the emergence of a different discourse representation of “otherness” among groups within the same community.

Understanding semantic differential measures in modern South Africa: attitudes of Black Africans towards White South Africans

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lawrence Gordon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White People ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Black African ◽  
Pairwise Correlation

The future success of South Africa’s unique democracy depends on the development of harmonious race relations. Understanding the factors underlying the country’s interracial attitudes is, consequently, important. Social identity theory suggests that Black African attitudes towards White people are connected to their evaluations of South Africa’s other racial minorities. This thesis seems counterintuitive given that White people are associated with a long history of political, economic, and social oppression in the collective memory of many Black African communities. Nationally representative data from the South African Social Attitudes Survey were used to validate the thesis that Black Africans’ evaluations of White people correlated with their assessments of other racial groups. Pairwise correlation analysis was employed to test the article’s hypothesis. The results presented in this article showed that Black Africans’ evaluations towards the White minority correlated with their evaluations of other racial minorities in South Africa. Multivariate analysis, specifically a standard (ordinary least squares) linear regression, was used to confirm the bivariate analysis. Black Africans’ attitudes towards White people were strongly correlated with attitudes towards the country’s two other major racial minorities. This finding held even controlling for contact with White people as well as a range of socio-economic characteristics. The outcomes of this article invite closer examination of the factors that underlie the generality of outgroup evaluations among South Africa’s Black African majority.

The link between unemployment and opioid prescribing. An instrumental variable approach using evidence from England

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213897
Author(s):  
Sotiris Vandoros ◽  
Xiangpu Gong ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Opioid Prescribing ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita

BackgroundUnemployment has been associated with chronic pain, which is often treated with prescription opioids. Opioid mortality has been included in the so-called category of ‘deaths of despair’ due to the role of lack of opportunity. While previous studies have found an association between unemployment and opioids, the relationship is endogenous and examining any effect is challenging.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to study the association between unemployment and opioid prescribing in England.Data and MethodsWe used data from the GP prescribing database in England for the period 2011–2017 and followed ordinary least squares (OLS) and Instrumental Variable econometric approaches, controlling for other confounders. We used the number of foreign direct investment projects and the number of registered companies as instruments for unemployment, taking population size into account.ResultsThe OLS model suggests that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1 percentage point is associated with 0.017 additional opioid defined daily doses per capita—a 0.9% increase compared with the mean of 1.745. According to the instrumental variable model, an increase in unemployment by 1 percentage point leads to an increase in the number of opioid doses prescribed per capita by between 0.315 and 0.437, which constitutes a 18–25% increase compared with the mean of 1.745.ConclusionsUnemployment appears to have an impact on opioid prescribing volume in England. This reveals yet another negative effect of unemployment on health. Relevant labour market policies may play a protective role with regards to opioid use.

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