Experience of Gender-based Violence by Internally Displaced Women in Southern Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

Gender-based violence (GBV) is a reproductive health issue prevalent among persons in conflict and post-conflict situations, but is largely under-reported in Nigeria. Although GBV affects both sexes, the prevalence is higher in women as compared to men. The objective of this study was to assess the experiences of female internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria during conflict and post-conflict situations. The study was conducted among IDPs in Edo State, south-south region of Nigeria. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire administered on 300 female IDPs. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. GBV perpetrated by non-family members during conflict was experienced by 22.2% of the respondents while 13.5% experienced post-conflict violence. Up to 12.2% reported violence by intimate partners. Physical violence was commonly experienced during conflict, while sexual violence was most common post-conflict. Logistic regression analysis showed that the vulnerable categories of women were adolescents, unmarried women, women of Hausa origin, women who never attended school, and those whose displacement took place in the year prior to the study. The IDP camp appeared to offer some protection against GBV as those who had stayed in the camp longer were less likely to experience post-conflict GBV. The lack of implementation of effective laws and regulations that prevent violence against women and punish perpetuators in the country, and the ineffective security systems are some of the factors that sustain GBV. The results of this study have implications for the design of programs for the prevention of GBV during conflict and post-conflict situations.

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Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.14 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Pramilla Patten

Keyword(s):

Gender Based Violence ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Optional Protocol ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Conflict Situations ◽

Women's Participation ◽

Access To Health ◽

Peace And Security ◽

General Recommendation ◽

Gender Based

This chapter explores the application of the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) to conflict and post-conflict contexts as detailed in General Recommendation 30. It examines the implications of CEDAW and General Recommendation 30 on gender-based violence, the trafficking of women, the situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, women’s participation, and women’s access to health, education, employment, and justice. It also focuses on CEDAW’s reporting procedure, and suggests that this tool be utilized more effectively to address women’s situations in conflict and post-conflict situations. The chapter also examines the Optional Protocol to CEDAW as an accountability tool. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of CEDAW acting in synergy with the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda.

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Increased Gender-based Violence Among Women Internally Displaced in Mississippi 2 Years Post–Hurricane Katrina

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1097/dmp.0b013e3181979c32 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 18-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Michael Anastario ◽

Nadine Shehab ◽

Lynn Lawry

Keyword(s):

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Hurricane Katrina ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Gender Based

ABSTRACTObjectives: Although different types of gender-based violence (GBV) have been documented in disaster-affected populations, no studies have documented a quantitative increase in rates of GBV among populations living in protracted displacement after a disaster. We aimed to assess the change in rates of GBV after Hurricane Katrina among internally displaced people (IDPs) living in travel trailer parks in Mississippi.Methods: The study design included successive cross-sectional randomized surveys, conducted in 2006 and 2007, among IDPs in Mississippi using a structured questionnaire. We sampled 50 travel trailer parks in 9 counties in Mississippi in 2006, and 69 parks in 20 counties in 2007. A total of 420 female respondents comprised the final sample. We measured respondent demographics, forms of GBV including sexual and physical violence further subtyped by perpetrator, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9–assessed depression.Results: Respondents had a mean age of 42.7 years. The crude rate of new cases of GBV among women increased from 4.6/100,000 per day to 16.3/100,000 per day in 2006, and remained elevated at 10.1/100,000 per day in 2007. The increase was primarily driven by the increase in intimate partner violence. GBV experience was significantly associated with increased risk for poor mental health outcomes.Conclusions: Overall, the rate of GBV, particularly intimate partner violence, increased within the year following Hurricane Katrina and did not return to baseline during the protracted phase of displacement. Disaster planning efforts should incorporate plans to decrease the incidence of GBV following a disaster, and to ensure adequate services to people with postdisaster GBV experience. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:18–26)

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Prevalence and determinants of gender-based violence among high school female students in Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia: an institutionally based cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-020-08593-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Temesgen Tantu ◽

Sintayehu Wolka ◽

Muluken Gunta ◽

Million Teshome ◽

Hangatu Mohammed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Female Students ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wolaita Sodo ◽

Gender Based

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How do College Students in India Respond to Gender-Based Violence (GBV)?

Journal of Public Health International ◽

10.14302/issn.2641-4538.jphi-20-3170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 27-39

Author(s):

Stephanie Asher ◽

Nitasha Nagaraj ◽

Amita Vyas

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Gender Norms ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bystander Intervention ◽

Female College Students ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Gender Based

Rates of gender-based violence remain high during college in India, a time of adolescent malleability where gender norms, gender perspectives, and responses to violence are open to change. Few gender-based violence interventions focus on college students and even fewer on bystander intervention as a preventative approach - a concept novel to India. This cross-sectional study reached 603 college students in India to examine current gender norms and perspectives, bystander intervention behaviours, and discussion of gender-based violence on campuses. Statistically significant differences were found between male and female college students in all scenarios of bystander intervention response and frequency of discussion of gender-based violence. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed significant differences in those who had never seen violence or had a positive bystander intervention response, compared to those who responded negatively. Given the findings, targeting college students appears a promising approach to change the narrative of gender-based violence and norms in India.

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Gender-Based Violence and Factors Associated with Victimization among Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520948145 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052094814

Author(s):

Carlijn Willeke Wieten ◽

Pheak Chhoun ◽

Sovannary Tuot ◽

Carinne Brody ◽

Siyan Yi

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Physical Abuse ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Forced Sex ◽

Female Entertainment Workers ◽

Gender Based

Women working in the entertainment industry are confronted with various forms of gender-based violence (GBV). However, their vulnerability remains understudied, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to examine the prevalence of GBV among female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia and identify factors associated with victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional study in November 2018 for the impact evaluation of a randomized controlled trial. We used a stratified random sampling method to recruit 600 FEWs from different entertainment venues in the capital city and three other provinces. Female data collectors administered a structured questionnaire, and we performed multiple logistic regression analyses. Of the total, 60.5% had experienced a form of GBV during their lifetime; of whom, 37.5% experienced the GBV in the past 6 months. The prevalence of emotional abuse, forced substance use, physical abuse, and forced sex was 51.5%, 25.0%, 20.6%, and 2.9%, respectively. Forced substance use and forced sex were mainly perpetrated by clients, physical abuse by intimate partners, and emotional abuse by others such as entertainment establishment owners or managers. FEWs victimized by clients (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.07, 0.53]) and others (RRR = 0.11, 95% CI = [0.03, 0.44]) were less likely to be married compared with victims of intimate partner violence. Factors associated with sexual harassment were working in beer gardens (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = [1.20, 4.73]) and restaurants/cafés (aOR = 1.65, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.69]), and having higher acceptance of violence against women (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.24]). FEWs in Cambodia experience high levels and unique forms of GBV as they are confronted with different types of perpetrators. Interventions need to be tailored to fit the specific needs of FEWs. Interventions aimed at reducing client-perpetrated violence should specifically focus on forced substance use and forced sex, while physical abuse by intimate partners should also be addressed.

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Enduring impact of conflict on mental health and gender-based violence perpetration in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0186062 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. e0186062 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rachel Jewkes ◽

Nwabisa Jama-Shai ◽

Yandisa Sikweyiya

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Papua New Guinea ◽

New Guinea ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violence Perpetration ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender

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Client-perpetrated gender-based violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected Northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046894 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. e046894

Author(s):

Simple Ouma ◽

Rawlance Ndejjo ◽

Catherine Abbo ◽

Nazarius M Tumwesigye

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Sex Workers ◽

Female Sex Workers ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Northern Uganda ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Sex ◽

Gender Based

Study objectiveTo determine the prevalence and associated factors of client-perpetrated gender-based violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected Northern Uganda.Design and settingsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among female sex workers in Gulu district in conflict-affected Northern Uganda.ParticipantsThe study participants included 300 female sex workers aged 18+ years. The participants were selected using simple random sampling from a database of female sex workers maintained at a national non-governmental organisation in Gulu.Outcome measureThe outcome measure was self-reported exposure to client-perpetrated gender-based violence.MethodsWe used a pretested semistructured questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, sex work-related characteristics, alcohol use, illicit drug use, HIV status and self-reported exposure to client-perpetrated gender-based violence. Then, data were entered into Epi Info V.7 and analysed using Stata V.14.0.ResultsAmong participants, 61.0% reported client-perpetrated gender-based violence. Economic (58.7%) and emotional (52.0%) violence were the most common forms of client-perpetrated gender-based violence in this population. Independently, being: street-based (adjusted OR=9.66, 95% CI 2.78 to 33.5), mobile (adjusted OR=3.21, 95% CI 1.83 to 5.64), HIV-positive (adjusted OR=1.90, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.31) and a low-income earner (<USh200 000 monthly) (adjusted OR=2.26, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.30) were positively associated with exposure to client-perpetrated gender-based violence.ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of client-perpetrated gender-based violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected Northern Uganda. Furthermore, female sex workers who were street-based, mobile, HIV-positive and low-income earners were more likely to experience client-perpetrated gender-based violence. The ministry of health and the development partners need to provide targeted public health interventions to prevent and manage the rampant gender-based violence among this underserved population.

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PERCEPTION OF WOMEN ON SEXUAL AND GENDER BASED VIOLENCE IN NSUKKA, ENUGU STATE

International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques ◽

10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v7.i1.20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 257-270

Author(s):

Oliver Eya ◽

◽

Adaoga Obuna ◽

Grace Odinye ◽

Christy Obi-Keguna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Violence ◽

Traditional Values ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Enugu State ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender ◽

Study Participants

Sexual and gender issues have been a problem in Africa and in Nigeria in particular where females were considered less important than their male counterparts in their families, cooperatives, businesses, academic matters among others. Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is deeply rooted in many cultural and traditional values. It is regarded as a normal attitude, remains hidden and tacitly condoned. It has devastating health impacts on the women, as women are mostly controlled and dominated by their partners in a relationship and must never complain of sexual harassment and in the case of childlessness; the woman must accept it as her fault. This study was located in Nsukka Local Government area of Enugu State. A cross sectional survey of 200 study participants was conducted. The instruments used for data collection were structured 194 questionnaire and6 in-depth interview guide. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), frequency distribution tables and chi-square (χ²) for hypotheses. The findings from the study stated that sexual/psychological, physical violence and preference of male child are the major forms of GBV in Nsukka, Enugu State. Majority of the respondents (55.7%) indicated that Spiritual manipulation and illiteracy/ignorance are the major causes of GBV. The study also concluded and recommended that mass sensitization/awareness, empowerment, advocacy by social workers, through domestication of the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), will help curb GBV as indicated by 42.7% of the respondents.

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