Outcomes of Sexual Assault Victimization in Early Adulthood: National Estimates for University and Nonuniversity Students

Across the United States, 20% of women ages 18 and over are victims of penetrative sexual assault, with the highest rates occurring in early adulthood (i.e., ages 18-24). Despite the high prevalence and severe mental and physical health problems resulting from sexual assault, with few exceptions, little is known about how victims of sexual assault attribute subsequent academic and career outcomes. Approximately 901 adult participants were recruited from a probability-based nationally representative sample to examine the prevalence of and outcomes attributed to sexual assault victimization experienced during early adulthood. Of the 36% of female participants who reported sexual assault perpetrated against them between the ages of 18 and 24, 69.5% attributed at least one negative academic or career outcome to the sexual assault. Participants who identified as White and who were over the age of 30 at the time of the survey were more likely to attribute negative academic and career outcomes as a result of a sexual assault perpetrated against them during early adulthood than women of color and younger women (i.e., ages 25-29). Our findings expand the knowledge on negative outcomes attributed to sexual assault and yields more questions about the larger societal impacts. More research is needed to understand the intersection between an assault during young adulthood and the demographic characteristics of survivors.

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Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault in Early Adulthood: National Estimates for College and Non-College Students

Public Health Reports ◽

10.1177/0033354920946014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 135 (5) ◽

pp. 555-559

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Mumford ◽

Sharyn Potter ◽

Bruce G. Taylor ◽

Jane Stapleton

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Sexual Assault ◽

Sexual Harassment ◽

Research Policy ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

College Campuses ◽

Institutions Of Higher Education ◽

The Us ◽

National Estimates ◽

Nationally Representative

Young adults are at high risk for sexual harassment and sexual assault. Although attention has been given to prevention on college campuses, the need for prevention may be at least as high for young adults who do not attend college as for young adults who do. In October 2019, we administered a nationally representative survey of 893 adults to measure sexual harassment and sexual assault victimization during a recall period defined as “during college years” for respondents who had enrolled in college at any time or “ages 18-24” for respondents not in college. Reported rates of sexual harassment (32.7%) and sexual assault (24.6%) during early adulthood were similar for respondents who reported having ever enrolled in college and for respondents who reported never attending college. Women were more likely than men to report both sexual harassment (37.4% vs 22.4%) and sexual assault (36.0% vs 16.0%) during early adulthood. Compared with respondents aged ≥30, respondents aged 18-29 were 105% more likely to report sexual harassment and 65% more likely to report sexual assault. Moreover, sexual harassment experiences predicted sexual assault victimization (adjusted odds ratio = 18.1). This study highlights the importance of attending to sexual harassment and sexual assault risks for young adults through research, policy, and criminal justice structures beyond institutions of higher education. Evidence that sexual harassment is strongly associated with sexual assault victimization of young adults highlights the importance of naming and stemming early behavioral transgressions across the US population.

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THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FAMILY CAREGIVING: NEW NATIONAL ESTIMATES AND STATE VARIATION

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igz038.2742 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S748-S748

Author(s):

Ari Houser ◽

Ari Houser

Keyword(s):

Family Caregiving ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Economic Value ◽

The United States ◽

Virgin Islands ◽

State Variation ◽

National Estimates ◽

Total Economic Value ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Services And Supports

Abstract The economic value of family caregiving, by any measure, dwarfs actual expenditures on formal long-term services and supports (LTSS). This presentation discusses new estimates of the number of caregivers, intensity of caregiving, and the total economic value of family caregiving in 2017 in the United States, and in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, based on a meta-analysis of recent nationally representative surveys of family caregivers. Previous analyses of this type have found that the total economic value of family caregiving has increased steadily from $350 billion in 2005 to $470 billion in 2013. State variation in the incidence, intensity, and economic value of caregiving will be discussed, and key predictors of this variation will be identified.

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Kinlessness at the End of Life in the United States: Implications for Place of Death, and Quality of Life Among Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 604-604

Author(s):

Katherine Ornstein ◽

Natalie Plick ◽

Claire Ankuda

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

The United States ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Representative Study ◽

National Estimates ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Assess Quality ◽

Eol Care

Abstract We used the Health and Retirement Study, a large nationally representative study of U.S. older adults from 2002-2015, to identify decedents and assess quality of EOL care by availability of kin. 7.9% of participants were kinless at EOL (no adult children or spouses), reflecting national estimates of 1,027,600 older adults. Those who were kinless at EOL were more likely to be female (61.2% vs 51.5%), from the lowest wealth quartile (53.6% vs 35.6%), and less likely to be white and non-Hispanic (75.6% vs 81.8%). Among the community-dwelling population, individuals with kin received 2.4 times as much hours of help from informal caregivers per month, compared to those without kin. We did not observe differences in rates of hospital death by kin status in adjusted models. More work is needed to assess any unmet needs in the EOL period for kinless older adults, especially as healthcare moves towards increased in-home supports.

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Sexual and Physical Assault Before Age 18 and Young Adults’ Perception of Unfair Treatment

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520985481 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052098548

Author(s):

Amy C. Butler

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Sexual Assault ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Physical Assault ◽

Female Self ◽

Unfair Treatment ◽

History Of ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

A Minor

Research indicates that sexual and physical assault generate negative emotions of shame and anger, undermine self-esteem, and increase interpersonal sensitivity. This in turn may bring about behavioral changes and cognitive bias, which may adversely affect victims’ social interactions. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sexual or physical assault before age 18 is associated with a heightened sense of being treated unfairly in early adulthood. A nationally representative sample of young adults age 18–21 ( N = 2,770; 49% female) self-reported on whether they had ever been sexually or physically assaulted, whether it first occurred in childhood or adolescence, and how frequently they are treated unfairly in their everyday interactions with other people, as measured by the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS). Multivariate regression results indicated that child (≤age 12) physical assault and adolescent-onset (age 13–17) physical assault were associated with higher scores on the EDS for both men and women. Child sexual assault was associated with the EDS for men; adolescent-onset sexual assault was associated with the EDS for women. Violence as a minor was associated with each item of the EDS (e.g., treated with less respect, less courtesy, other people act of afraid of you, etc.). Violence victims attributed their elevated levels of perceived unfair treatment to their gender, race, age, and aspects of their physical appearance. Overall, the results suggest a mechanism through which a history of sexual and physical assault can affect social interactions.

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Norovirus Seroprevalence among Adults in the United States: Analysis of NHANES Serum Specimens from 1999–2000 and 2003–2004

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12020179 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Amy E. Kirby ◽

Yvonne Kienast ◽

Wanzhe Zhu ◽

Jerusha Barton ◽

Emeli Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Orleans ◽

The United States ◽

High Burden ◽

Population Immunity ◽

The Usa ◽

National Estimates ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Over Time

Norovirus is the most common cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis. However, national estimates of the infection burden are challenging. This study used a nationally representative serum bank to estimate the seroprevalence to five norovirus genotypes including three GII variants: GI.1 Norwalk, GI.4, GII.3, GII.4 US95/96, GII.4 Farmington Hills, GII.4 New Orleans, and GIV.1 in the USA population (aged 16 to 49 years). Changes in seroprevalence to the three norovirus GII.4 variants between 1999 and 2000, as well as 2003 and 2004, were measured to examine the role of population immunity in the emergence of pandemic GII.4 noroviruses. The overall population-adjusted seroprevalence to any norovirus was 90.0% (1999 to 2000) and 95.9% (2003 to 2004). Seroprevalence was highest to GI.1 Norwalk, GII.3, and the three GII.4 noroviruses. Seroprevalence to GII.4 Farmington Hills increased significantly between the 1999 and 2000, as well as the 2003 and 2004, study cycles, consistent with the emergence of this pandemic strain. Seroprevalence to GII.4 New Orleans also increased over time, but to a lesser degree. Antibodies against the GIV.1 norovirus were consistently detected (population-adjusted seroprevalence 19.1% to 25.9%), with rates increasing with age. This study confirms the high burden of norovirus infection in US adults, with most adults having multiple norovirus infections over their lifetime.

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Mental and physical health problems, time spent in the United States, and alcohol use among Latino older adults

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e595972013-001 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Melanie Robbins ◽

Oscar S. Escobar ◽

Ellen L. Vaughan

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Older Adults ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Physical Health ◽

The United States ◽

Health Problems ◽

Physical Health Problems ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Latino Older Adults

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The Racial and Economic Context of Trump Support: Evidence for Threat, Identity, and Contact Effects in the 2016 Presidential Election

10.31234/osf.io/vxh4z ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eric Knowles ◽

Linda Tropp

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Local Economy ◽

Racial Identification ◽

White Americans ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Neighborhood Diversity ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

To Come ◽

Neighborhood Level ◽

Support Evidence

Donald Trump's ascent to the Presidency of the United States defied the expectations of many social scientists, pundits, and laypeople. To date, most efforts to understand Trump's rise have focused on personality and demographic characteristics of White Americans. In contrast, the present work leverages a nationally representative sample of Whites to examine how contextual factors may have shaped support for Trump during the 2016 presidential primaries. Results reveal that neighborhood-level exposure to racial and ethnic minorities is associated with greater group threat and racial identification among Whites, as well as greater intentions to vote for Trump in the general election. At the same time, however, neighborhood diversity afforded Whites with opportunities for intergroup contact, which is associated with lower levels of threat, White identification, and Trump support. Further analyses suggest that a healthy local economy mutes threat effects in diverse contexts, allowing contact processes to come to the fore.

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Report to the President of the United States on Sexual Assault Prevention and Response

10.21236/ada615878 ◽

2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON DC

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sexual Assault ◽

The United States ◽

Sexual Assault Prevention ◽

Assault Prevention

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The Right to Bodily Integrity

10.1093/oso/9780190901516.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Alison Brysk

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

Sexual Violence ◽

Public Space ◽

Transitional Justice ◽

The United States ◽

Bodily Integrity ◽

Global Pattern ◽

Popular Resistance ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Right

In Chapter 7, we profile the global pattern of sexual violence. We will consider conflict rape and transitional justice response in Peru and Colombia, along with the plight of women displaced by conflict from Syria and Central America, and limited international policy response. State-sponsored sexual violence and popular resistance to reclaim public space will be chronicled in Egypt as well as Mexico. We will track intensifying public sexual assault amid social crisis in Turkey, South Africa, and India, which has been met by a wide range of public protest, legal reform, and policy change. For a contrasting experience of the privatization of sexual assault in developed democracies, we will trace campus, workplace, and military rape in the United States.

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