scholarly journals THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF FAMILY CAREGIVING: NEW NATIONAL ESTIMATES AND STATE VARIATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S748-S748
Author(s):  
Ari Houser ◽  
Ari Houser
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Virgin Islands ◽  
State Variation ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Total Economic Value ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Services And Supports

Abstract The economic value of family caregiving, by any measure, dwarfs actual expenditures on formal long-term services and supports (LTSS). This presentation discusses new estimates of the number of caregivers, intensity of caregiving, and the total economic value of family caregiving in 2017 in the United States, and in every state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, based on a meta-analysis of recent nationally representative surveys of family caregivers. Previous analyses of this type have found that the total economic value of family caregiving has increased steadily from $350 billion in 2005 to $470 billion in 2013. State variation in the incidence, intensity, and economic value of caregiving will be discussed, and key predictors of this variation will be identified.

scholarly journals The Behavioral Immune System Shapes Political Intuitions: Why and How Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity Underlie Opposition to Immigration

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENE AARØE ◽  
MICHAEL BANG PETERSEN ◽  
KEVIN ARCENEAUX
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
First Time ◽  
Representative Samples

We present, test, and extend a theoretical framework that connects disgust, a powerful basic human emotion, to political attitudes through psychological mechanisms designed to protect humans from disease. These mechanisms work outside of conscious awareness, and in modern environments, they can motivate individuals to avoid intergroup contact by opposing immigration. We report a meta-analysis of previous tests in the psychological sciences and conduct, for the first time, a series of tests in nationally representative samples collected in the United States and Denmark that integrate the role of disgust and the behavioral immune system into established models of emotional processing and political attitude formation. In doing so, we offer an explanation for why peaceful integration and interaction between ethnic majority and minorities is so hard to achieve.

scholarly journals Caregiving in the U.S. 2020: What Does the Latest Edition of This Survey Tell Us About Their Contributions and Needs?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 681-681
Author(s):  
Gabriela Prudencio ◽  
Heather Young
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Services And Supports ◽  
The Individual ◽  
National Profile ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Family and friends comprise the most basic unit of any society. For individuals who take on the responsibility of caring for another person through sickness or disability, it can often be challenging to see beyond the individual experience. Yet in the aggregate, family caregivers—whether they be families of kin or families of choice—are woven into the fabric of America’s health, social, economic, and long-term services and supports (LTSS) systems. As the country continues to age, the need to support caregivers as the cornerstone of society will only become more important. A national profile of family caregivers first emerged from the 1997 Caregiving in the U.S. study. Related studies were conducted in 2004, 2009, and 2015 by the NAC in collaboration with AARP. Caregiving in the U.S. 2020 presents a portrait of unpaid family caregivers today. A nationally representative survey (n=1,499), it replicates the methodology used in 2015. Therefore, during this symposium, AARP and NAC will present trend data from 2015 in comparison to 2020, and explore key subgroup differences. The presentation will cover prevalence, demographic characteristics, intensity and duration of care, the well-being of caregivers, the financial impact of family caregiving on caregivers themselves, and the degree to which technology supports caregivers today.

Outcomes of Sexual Assault Victimization in Early Adulthood: National Estimates for University and Nonuniversity Students

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110358
Author(s):  
Sharyn J. Potter ◽  
Elizabeth A. Moschella ◽  
Elizabeth A. Mumford ◽  
Bruce G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
The United States ◽  
Career Outcomes ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Physical Health Problems ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Nationally Representative

Across the United States, 20% of women ages 18 and over are victims of penetrative sexual assault, with the highest rates occurring in early adulthood (i.e., ages 18-24). Despite the high prevalence and severe mental and physical health problems resulting from sexual assault, with few exceptions, little is known about how victims of sexual assault attribute subsequent academic and career outcomes. Approximately 901 adult participants were recruited from a probability-based nationally representative sample to examine the prevalence of and outcomes attributed to sexual assault victimization experienced during early adulthood. Of the 36% of female participants who reported sexual assault perpetrated against them between the ages of 18 and 24, 69.5% attributed at least one negative academic or career outcome to the sexual assault. Participants who identified as White and who were over the age of 30 at the time of the survey were more likely to attribute negative academic and career outcomes as a result of a sexual assault perpetrated against them during early adulthood than women of color and younger women (i.e., ages 25-29). Our findings expand the knowledge on negative outcomes attributed to sexual assault and yields more questions about the larger societal impacts. More research is needed to understand the intersection between an assault during young adulthood and the demographic characteristics of survivors.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities of Depressive Symptoms in the United States A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Causadias ◽  
Kevin Michael Korous ◽  
Karina M Cahill ◽  
Eiko I Fried ◽  
Longfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Participant Data ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Minority Participants ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Although a growing body of research has documented racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms in the United States, the precise magnitude of these differences is not known. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data to (1) estimate the average difference of depressive symptoms between Whites and racial/ethnic minorities, as well as differences between (i.e., Asian American, African American, Latinxs, Multiracial, Native American, other race) and within (i.e., Latinx: Central American, Cuban American, Mexican American, Puerto Rican, other Latinx) minority groups, and (2) determine if moderators account for these differences. We screened 2,425 nationally-representative studies from the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), and identified 127 datasets of studies conducted from 1971 to 2018. We included 73 datasets from 26 nationally-representative studies (N = 2,116,853). The average absolute difference was d = 0.09, 95% CI [0.07, 0.12] between White and minority participants; was d = 0.07, 95% CI [0.06, 0.09] between minority participants; and d = 0.10, 95% CI [0.06, 0.15] within minority Latinx participants. Increases in socioeconomic status exacerbated these disparities. Psychometric analyses showed that measure reliability was related to larger differences. We discuss the implications of these findings.

Elder Care as Family Labor

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY W. DWYER ◽  
KAREN SECCOMBE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Elder Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
Frail Elders ◽  
Nationally Representative

This research indicates that gender differences in the performance of specific caregiving tasks and the amount of time spent providing care by family caregivers of frail elders should be considered in the context of family position-related norms and expectations. Using a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized impaired elderly people in the United States ( N = 813), the results show that husbands (when compared to wives) and daughters (when compared to sons) report spending more time and performing a greater number of caregiving tasks. The authors suggest that family position may confound interpretations regarding the association between gender and family caregiving.

scholarly journals Kinlessness at the End of Life in the United States: Implications for Place of Death, and Quality of Life Among Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 604-604
Author(s):  
Katherine Ornstein ◽  
Natalie Plick ◽  
Claire Ankuda
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Representative Study ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Assess Quality ◽  
Eol Care

Abstract We used the Health and Retirement Study, a large nationally representative study of U.S. older adults from 2002-2015, to identify decedents and assess quality of EOL care by availability of kin. 7.9% of participants were kinless at EOL (no adult children or spouses), reflecting national estimates of 1,027,600 older adults. Those who were kinless at EOL were more likely to be female (61.2% vs 51.5%), from the lowest wealth quartile (53.6% vs 35.6%), and less likely to be white and non-Hispanic (75.6% vs 81.8%). Among the community-dwelling population, individuals with kin received 2.4 times as much hours of help from informal caregivers per month, compared to those without kin. We did not observe differences in rates of hospital death by kin status in adjusted models. More work is needed to assess any unmet needs in the EOL period for kinless older adults, especially as healthcare moves towards increased in-home supports.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Place of Death and Immigrant Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 455-455
Author(s):  
Yujin Franco ◽  
Margarita Osuna ◽  
Jennifer Ailshire
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Place Of Death ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Hospital Deaths ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Increasing attention is being paid to improving care at the end-of-life, including developing a better understanding of where individuals die, and factors related to place of death. The older immigrant population in the United States is increasing rapidly, and while prior research suggests they may differ in their end-of-life experiences, we know relatively little about foreign-born differences in where people die. This study investigates how the place of death (home, hospital, and nursing home) differs between the U.S.-born and foreign-born. We used data on 9,180 U.S.-born and 969 foreign-born respondents from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for who end-of-life surveys were conducted with a proxy between 2002 and 2016. Approximately one-third of deaths occurred in nursing homes in both groups. Hospital deaths were more common in US-Born decedents (31.9%) than foreign-born decedents (25.2%), while death at home was lower for US-born (35.5%) than foreign-born (40.2%). We used multinominal logistic regression analysis to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics, cause of death, or receipt of family caregiving explained the observed differences in place of death by foreign-born status. Results from fully adjusted multivariate models indicate the foreign-born differences in place of death cannot be explained by socioeconomic, health, or family factors. Our research shows key differences in the end-of-life experience between US-born and foreign-born older adults and highlights the importance of examining end-of-life experiences for this small, but rapidly growing segment of the older U.S. population.

Valuation of Species Preservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Berrens ◽  
Therese Grijalva
Keyword(s):  
Stated Preference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Species Preservation ◽  
Nonuse Values ◽  
Meta Analyses

Against a backdrop of increasing species imperilment, there is considerable empirical evidence that preserving threatened, endangered, and rare (TER) species provides significant economic benefits to society. But efforts to measure these benefits has generated both strong methodological and philosophical criticisms. Since the 1960s, economists have developed a battery of nonmarket valuation approaches for estimating economic values associated with changes in the quantity or quality of environmental goods and services. This battery includes both revealed preference and stated preference (SP) approaches (including the contingent valuation [CV] method), with only the latter capable of providing willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for nonuse values. The total economic value of TER species preservation can include nonconsumptive use values (e.g., wildlife watching), and may be especially composed of nonuse values (e.g., based on existence value motivations). By the early 1980s, applied CV studies focusing on TER species preservation had begun to accumulate. Early research centered in the United States. By the mid-1990s the first statistical meta-analysis of TER species NMV studies was completed, and was then updated a dozen years later. These metaregression functions facilitated potential benefit transfers, where the systematic structure of prior original studies could be used to estimate WTP values for a TER species in another setting (absent an original study). Since roughly 2010, the use of choice experiments as an alternative SP approach expanded rapidly. Likewise, the accumulation of additional SP studies generated new summary reviews and meta-analyses, including applications from both developed and developing countries, and expanded benefit transfer opportunities. Going forward, new studies will lead to updated meta-analyses, with additional statistical and theoretical sophistication. Critiques targeted to SP approaches (e.g., with respect to hypothetical bias and nonuse value motivations) will likely remain, and further validity testing and methods development are called for. However, from a pragmatic perspective, persistent efforts at quantification continue to help make the benefits of TER species preservation visible in the face of rapidly increasing species imperilment.

Transnational Caregiving: Part 1, Caring for Family Relations Across Nations

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Erica Dhar
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Large Numbers

This article concerns how globalization and the aging of the world’s population are affecting the already complex issue of intergenerational transnational caregiving. Globalization has caused an increase in workforce mobility with large numbers of individuals seeking employment overseas. This, coupled with increased longevity globally, has resulted in many workers leaving their elderly parents in need of care in their home countries. This has spawned caregiving across national borders, or caring for family relations across nations. Currently in the United States, not enough emphasis is given to family caregiving. Data compiled by AARP and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate the economic value for this group of family caregivers in 2007 to be $375 billion, accounting for 34–52 million family caregivers per given year. This does not include those families who are transnational caregivers. The seminal work in this emerging field has been done by social anthropologists Loretta Baldassar, Cora Velekoop Baldock, and Raelene Wilding, who have defined the components of transnational caregiving based on an ethnographic study using qualitative data to study nine immigrant communities in Western Australia. Although their research focused on caregiving from a distance, additional work has been added to the discussion by introducing the element of “care drain” and further cultural perspectives. Therefore, this research is an exploratory study on intergenerational transnational caregiving within the context of the changing world and its demographics. Within the context of globalization and global aging, the following questions are addressed: What is the significance of family caregiving? What is a transnational? How has technology changed “transnationalism” today? What are the elements that comprise transnational caregiving? How does culture play a role in transnational caregiving? What are some of the national initiatives undertaken by governments to aid in workforce issues and recognition of caregiving organizations? By exploring these questions, it is hoped that there will be a better understanding of transnational caregiving and its relevance in all societies.

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