Dynamic instability of a spherical joint under various contact areas

Author(s):  
Jaeyoung Kang

The contact area and the negative friction velocity slope on dynamic instability of spherical joint are theoretically investigated. The contact area may be influenced by the various loading and design conditions between a ball and socket. The non-conformal contact is adopted for the static and dynamic derivations. This contact geometry is selected as the major design parameter in this study. The numerical results reveal that the smaller contact area produces the higher propensity of modal instability.

Exacta ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
Alex Alves Bandeira ◽  
Rita Moura Fortes ◽  
João Virgílio Merighi

The basic aim in this work is to present a new technique to analyze the contact surfaces developed by the contact between the tires and the structural pavements by numerical simulations, using 3D finite element formulations with contact mechanics. For this purpose, the Augmented Lagrangian method is used. This study is performed just putting the tires on the structural pavement. These tires and the structural pavement are discretized by finite elements under large 3D elastoplastic deformation. The real loads (of aircrafts, trucks or cars) are applied directly on each tire and by contact mechanics procedures, the real contact area between the tires and the pavement surface is computed. The penetration conditions and the contact interfaces are investigated in details. Furthermore, the pressure developed at the contact surfaces is automatically calculated and transferred to the structural pavement by contact mechanics techniques. The purpose of this work research is to show that the contact area is not circular and the finite element techniques can calculate automatically the real contact area, the real geometry and its stresses and strains. In the end of this work, numerical results in terms of geometry, stress and strain are presented and compared to show the ability of the algorithm. These numerical results are also compared with the numerical results obtained by the commercial program ANSYS.


Author(s):  
Chang Xu ◽  
Yuxiang Wang ◽  
Steven C. Hauser ◽  
Gregory J. Gerling

In our ability to discriminate compliant, or ‘soft,’ objects, we rely upon information acquired from interactions at the finger pad. We have yet to resolve the most pertinent perceptual cues. However, doing so is vital for building effective, dynamic displays. By introducing psychophysical illusions through spheres of various size and elasticity, we investigate the utility of contact area cues, thought to be key in encoding compliance. For both active and passive touch, we determine finger pad-to-stimulus contact areas, using an ink-based procedure, as well as discrimination thresholds. The findings indicate that in passive touch, participants cannot discriminate certain small compliant versus large stiff spheres, which generate similar contact areas. In active touch, however, participants easily discriminate these spheres, though contact areas remain similar. Supplementary cues based on stimulus rate and/or proprioception seem vital. One cue that does differ for illusion cases is finger displacement given a volitionally applied force.


2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1565-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Upadhyay ◽  
Samuel R. Vollans ◽  
Bahaa B. Seedhom ◽  
Roger W. Soames

Background Although 10% postoperative patellar tendon shortening after bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament has been reported, there are no published studies assessing the effect of shortening on patellofemoral joint biomechanics under physiological loading conditions. Purpose To investigate the influence of patellar tendon shortening on patellofemoral joint biomechanics. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods The authors evaluated the patellofemoral contact area, the location of contact, and the patellofemoral joint reaction force and contact stresses in 7 cadaveric knees before and after 10% patellar tendon shortening. Shortening was achieved using a specially designed device. Experimental conditions simulating those occurring during level walking were employed: physiological quadriceps loads and corresponding angles of tibial rotation were applied at 15 °, 30 °, and 60 ° flexion of the knee. Patellofemoral joint contact areas were measured before and after shortening using the silicone oil–carbon black powder suspension squeeze technique. Results After patellar tendon shortening, patellofemoral joint contact areas were displaced proximally on the patellar surface and distally on the femoral surface. Although the contact area increased by 18% at 15 ° of knee flexion (P=. 04), no significant change occurred at 30 ° or 60 ° of knee flexion (P>. 05). Patellofemoral contact stress remained unchanged after patellar tendon shortening (P>. 05) at each flexion angle. Conclusion Our results suggest that a 10% shortening of the patellar tendon does not alter patellar contact stresses during locomotion. It is not clear whether apparent changes in contact location in all positions and contact area at 15 ° would have clinical consequences.


2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Francesco Indelli ◽  
John A Szivek ◽  
Andrew Schnepp ◽  
William A Grana

ABSTRACT Background The role of the menisci on tibial load transmission and stress distribution has been extensively studied, but few studies have focused on the meniscofemoral joint during physiologic weightbearing. The objective of this study was to determine the contact areas and local contact stresses at the meniscofemoral interface during physiologic range of motion and axial-loading in the canine knee and to determine the influence of a partial or total meniscectomy. Methods Both fresh-frozen knees of 3 hound-type canines were tested in a universal testing machine configured for an axial-load of 90-120 N. Measurement of the contact area and the local contact stress were done at three different knee angles (30; 50; 70) and with both menisci intact, after partial meniscectomy, and after total meniscectomy. Pressure distribution was estimated by using pressure sensitive film inserted above the menisci. Results After partial meniscectomy, contact areas at 50° of knee flexion decreased approximately 25% on both femoral condyles, and local contact stress increased 30% on the medial femoral condyle but remained unchanged on the lateral. After total meniscectomy, contact areas at 50° of knee flexion decreased approximately 75% on both femoral condyles, and local contact stress increased approximately 60% on the medial compartment and 100% on the lateral compartment. Conclusions These data suggest that a conservative partial meniscectomy leaves the meniscus with an inferior weight distribution function; decreasing, but not canceling the protection on the femoral hyaline cartilage. A dramatic decrease of contact area followed by an increase of local contact stress was noted after a total meniscectomy. The clinical value of this study is to emphasize the biomechanical value of surgical procedures addressing the repair of damaged menisci.


2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (08) ◽  
pp. 967-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEJIAN GUO ◽  
XINGANG ZHANG ◽  
HONGGUANG LI ◽  
HONGXING HUA ◽  
GUANG MENG

This paper proposed a new dynamical friction model structure which allows accurate modeling both in sliding and presliding regimes. Transition between these two regimes is accomplished without a switching function. In the presliding regime, the model has the characters of a Bouc–Wen model, so it can adapt to various hysteretic behaviors. While in the gross-sliding regime, the model is equivalent to a general velocity-dependent friction model. Therefore, the dynamical characters of friction force in this regime, such as negative friction-velocity slope, can be described also. Furthermore, the transition between these two regimes is not abrupt, but smooth, and needs no extra function. The application of this model is demonstrated by describing experimentally obtained friction force for a guide–rail system. Numerical simulation results for a vibration system with friction show the practicability of the model to predict dynamic characteristics such as hysteretic behavior in presliding, velocity-dependent behavior in sliding, and stick-slip behavior.


2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pau ◽  
Bruno Leban ◽  
Marco Pau

Background: Among other adverse consequences, childhood obesity is known to influence foot structure and functionality. Yet little information is available regarding how the physiologic foot-ground interaction is altered when a localized load is carried, as occurs in the case of schoolbags. We investigated plantar contact area and pressure modifications induced by backpack carriage under actual conditions. We hypothesized that a localized load acting on the body would further increase the already excessive plantar pressure that exists with overweight and obese status. Methods: Seventy overweight and obese schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years underwent two 30-sec trials on a pressure platform during a regular school day, with and without a backpack. Total and subregion contact areas along with peak plantar pressures were obtained, and results were compared with those of an equal-numbered group of normal-weight schoolchildren. Results: Overweight and obese children generally had larger contact areas and higher peak plantar pressures compared with their normal-weight peers. In overweight and normal-weight participants, the backpack induced a similar generalized increase in contact area and pressures. However, the largest changes were observed in the forefoot, suggesting that load action tends to modify the physiologic pressure patterns. Conclusions: Backpack carriage raises the already elevated peak plantar pressures in overweight children during upright stance and modifies the physiologic pressure patterns. Further investigations are needed to clarify the features of such phenomenon when dynamic activities are performed and to verify the existence of fatigue and overexertion on the foot as well as other possible negative long-term effects. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(4): 306–313, 2013)


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
Edward Victor Aleixo ◽  
Saulo Philipe Sebastião Guerra ◽  
Marcelo Scantamburlo Denadai ◽  
Emanuel Rangel Spadim

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a área de contato e os deslocamentos vertical e horizontal de dois pneus BPAF (baixa pressão e alta flutuação), um agrícola e um florestal, em superfície rígida. O pneu agrícola foi submetido aos seguintes tratamentos de pressões e cargas: 48,2 kPa e 25 kN, 193 kPa e 50 kN, 234,4 kPa e 50 kN, 344,7 kPa e 50 kN. No pneu florestal foram realizados os tratamentos de pressões e cargas: 158,5 kPa e 35 kN, 241,3 kPa e 50 kN, 379,2 kPa e 50 kN e 496,4 kPa e 50 kN. As áreas de contato dos pneus nas diferentes pressões de inflação e cargas foram demarcadas com prensa hidráulica sobre folhas de papel fixadas em superfície rígida, e as mesmas foram determinadas através de imagens utilizando o software ImageJ. Para obtenção dos valores dos deslocamentos horizontal e vertical utilizou-se dois sensores do tipo potenciômetros lineares. Observou-se que o aumento da pressão de inflação promoveu redução da área de contato e do deslocamento vertical e horizontal em ambos os tipos de pneus. Quando mensurado o deslocamento vertical, o pneu agrícola apresentou valores mais elevados quando comparado ao pneu florestal. No deslocamento horizontal, o pneu agrícola apresentou menor valor em relação ao florestal, e, não houve diferença entre os dois pneus em relação a pressão mínima. Considerando-se a área de contato houve redução da mesma nos dois pneus. A alta pressão de inflação acarretou em maior rigidez em ambos os tipos de pneu, mesmo havendo diferenças em seus compostos de borracha, reduzindo também sua área de contato com a superfície. O pneu agrícola assemelha-se ao florestal quando submetido à alta pressão de inflação.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: deslocamento; pressão de inflação; carga; borracha. ELASTIC DEFORMATIONS AND CONTACT AREAS OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TIRES USING A HYDRAULIC PRESS IN HARD SURFACEABSTRACT: The present study had as objective to evaluate the contact area, vertical and horizontal displacement of two BPAF (low pressure and high fluctuation) tires, one forestry and other agricultural, in rigid surface. The agricultural tire was submitted to the following pressure and loads treatments: 48,2 kPa and 25 kN, 193 kPa and 50 kN, 234,4 kPa, and 50 kN, 344,7 kPa and 50 kN. While the forestry tire was submitted to pressure and loads treatments as follow: 158,5 kPa and 35 kN, 241,3 kPa and 50 kN, 379,2 kPa, and 50 kN e 496,4 kPa and 50 kN.  The contact areas of the tires at different inflation pressures and loads were demarcated with hydraulic press on paper sheets fixed on a rigid surface, and these were determined through images using software ImageJ. To obtain the values of horizontal and vertical offsets, two linear potentiometers sensors were used. It was observed that the increase in the inflation pressure promoted reduction of the contact area and the vertical and horizontal displacement in both types of tires. When the vertical displacement was measured, the agricultural tire presented higher values when compared to the forest tire. In the horizontal displacement, the agricultural tire presented less value in relation to the forest, and, there was no difference between the two tires in relation to the minimum pressure. Considering the contact area there was reduction of the same in the two tires. The high inflation pressure resulted in greater rigidity in both types of tire, even though there were differences in its rubber compounds, also reducing its area of contact with the surface. The agricultural tire resembles the forest when subjected to high inflation pressure.KEYWORDS: displacement, inflation pressure, load, rubber.


Exacta ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
Alex Alves Bandeira ◽  
Rita Moura Fortes ◽  
João Virgílio Merighi

The basic aim in this work is to present a new technique to analyze the contact surfaces developed by the contact between the tires and the structural pavements by numerical simulations, using 3D finite element formulations with contact mechanics. For this purpose, the Augmented Lagrangian method is used. This study is performed just putting the tires on the structural pavement. These tires and the structural pavement are discretized by finite elements under large 3D elastoplastic deformation. The real loads (of aircrafts, trucks or cars) are applied directly on each tire and by contact mechanics procedures, the real contact area between the tires and the pavement surface is computed. The penetration conditions and the contact interfaces are investigated in details. Furthermore, the pressure developed at the contact surfaces is automatically calculated and transferred to the structural pavement by contact mechanics techniques. The purpose of this work research is to show that the contact area is not circular and the finite element techniques can calculate automatically the real contact area, the real geometry and its stresses and strains. In the end of this work, numerical results in terms of geometry, stress and strain are presented and compared to show the ability of the algorithm. These numerical results are also compared with the numerical results obtained by the commercial program ANSYS.


Author(s):  
Никита Вадимович Пермяков

Работа посвящена разработке модульной четрырехзондовой установки с использованием жидкого контакта на основе индий-галлиевого эвтектического раствора (EGaIn), с помощью которого можно создать прижимные жидкие контакты, не вносящие механические деформации в измеряемые структуры. Предлагается использовать данную установку для измерения вольт-амперных характеристик тонкопленочных образцов. Предполагается модульная схема измерений. Каждый зонд управляется четырьмя моторами для позиционирования и выдавливания капли из шприца для формирования нужного размера пятна контакта. Используется оптический контроль для подготовки зондов и измерения диаметра сформированных контактных областей. Подобраны параметры изготовления жидких зондов, а именно скорости выдавливания и перемещения зонда вдоль вертикальной оси для формирования капли конической формы . Управление установкой осуществляется в среде LabView. The work is devoted to development of a modular four-probe setup using a liquid contact based on an indium-gallium eutectic solution (EGaIn), which can be used to create clamping liquid contacts that do not introduce mechanical deformation into the measured structures. It is proposed to use this setup for measuring the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film samples. A modular measurement scheme is assumed. Each probe is driven by four motors to position and expel a drop from the syringe to form the desired contact area size. Optical control is used to prepare the probes and measure the diameter of the formed contact areas. The parameters for the manufacture of liquid probes are selected, namely, the speed of extrusion and movement of the probe along the vertical axis to form a conical droplet. The installation is controlled in the LabView environment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Volodimyr Kalchenko ◽  
Andrij Yeroshenko ◽  
Sergiy Boyko ◽  
Olga Kalchenko

Abstract A general model is developed, and on its basis, there are special models formulated of the grinding process with crossed axes of the tool and workpiece with a profile in the form of a circle arc. A new method of control of the grinding process is proposed, which will provide processing by equidistant curves, and the amount of cutting of a circle equal to the allowance. This will increase the productivity and quality of grinding. The presented method of grinding implements the processing with the spatial contact line of the tool and workpiece. When the axes are crossed, the contact line is stretched, which leads to an increase of the contact area and, accordingly, to a decrease of the temperature in the processing area. This allows processing of workpieces with more productive cutting conditions.


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