Experimental analysis of airbag seam design: high-rate shear testing for skin abrasions

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Duma ◽  
J M Cormier ◽  
W J Hurst ◽  
J D Stitzel ◽  
I P Herring
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Porcine Skin ◽  
Shear Testing ◽  
Skin Injury ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New System

Approximately 66 per cent of all airbag deployments in the USA result in at least one skin injury, with 47 per cent of these skin injuries attributed directly to the airbag deployment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the risk of skin abrasions from the airbag fabric seam design by using a new shear testing methodology. High-rate shear loading was performed with a pneumatic impactor that propelled a section of airbag fabric across porcine skin at 85 m/s. Twenty-seven tests (three control and 24 with fabric) were performed using eight different seam designs. A 40 cm × 10 cm section of airbag fabric with each seam was forced across a 5 cm × 5 cm section of fresh porcine skin that was acquired within 2 h post-mortem. No abrasions were observed in the three control tests, but abrasions were observed in all 24 of the tests conducted using airbag fabric. The unturned, sewn seam orientation resulted in significantly more severe abrasions than the woven, unturned seam orientation ( P = 0.01). This new system and results illustrate that different seam designs can result in different skin abrasion risk. Moreover, the data show that severe abrasions can be caused by normal pressures well below the 1.75 MPa injury threshold previously published.

scholarly journals Strain rate and thermal softening effects in shear testing of AA7075-T6 sheet

2018 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 02037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taamjeed Rahmaan ◽  
Ping Zhou ◽  
Cliff Butcher ◽  
Michael J. Worswick
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Shear Loading ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Shear Testing ◽  
Plane Shear

Shear tests were performed at strain rates ranging from quasi-static (0.01 s-1) to 500 s-1 for AA7075-T6 sheet metal alloy at room temperature. A miniature sized shear specimen was used in this work to perform high strain rate shear testing. Digital image correlation (DIC) techniques were employed to measure the strains in the experiments. At maximum in-plane shear strains greater than 20%, the AA7075-T6 alloy demonstrated a reduced work hardening rate at elevated strain rates. At lower strains, the AA7075-T6 alloy showed mild positive rate sensitivity. The strain to localization (using the Zener-Holloman criterion), measured using the DIC technique, decreased with strain rate in shear loading. The strain at complete failure, however, exhibited an increase at the highest strain rate (500 s-1). The current work also focused on characterization of the thermal conditions occurring during high rate loading in shear with in situ high speed thermal imaging. Experimental results from the highest strain rate (500 s-1) tests showed a notable increase in temperature within the specimen gauge region as a result of the conversion of plastic deformation energy into heat.

scholarly journals MODELS OF THE LEGAL CONSTRUCT OF CONSENT FOR POST MORTEM ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION ILLUSTRATED BY THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND, NORWAY AND USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Sarnacka
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Presumed Consent ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Explicit Consent ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Usa

Each country which allows for organ transplantation developed legal regula-tions concerning the related procedure the objective of which is to both ensure the safety of the procedure and to prevent trafficking in human organs . There are however substantial differences between the solutions adopted by particular legislators .The most commonly used models include the legal construct of explicit consent (represented by Norwegian legislator) and presumed consent (adopted in Poland) . A half-way model described as a bridge between those two constructs is the gift law construct adopted in the USA .The analysis of particular legal regulations related to transplantology may have an impact on amendments to Polish legislation aiming at an increase in the number of organ transplants .

31 PORCINE SKIN-DERIVED STEM CELLS MAY BE A SUPERIOR SOURCE OF DONOR NUCLEI FOR EFFICIENT GENETIC MODIFICATION OF CLONED EMBRYOS

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Y. H. Hao ◽  
J. W. Ross ◽  
P. Sutovsky ◽  
D. Wax ◽  
Z. S. Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cell Line ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Porcine Skin ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Significant Difference

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs relies primarily on the utilization of fetal-derived fibroblast cells, and the resultant clones tend to exhibit a significant level of phenotypic instability, which may be due to epigenetic reprogramming and/or genomic damage in the donor cells. In addition to the compromised phenotypic stability, production of transgenic clones through SCNT is inefficient, because the restricted lifespan of somatic donor cells in culture can be limiting when the genetic modification requires selection. In contrast, stem cells proliferate rapidly and do not undergo senescence at a high rate, so the selection process can be extended. Since there is no report of an embryonic stem cell line derived in the pig that could contribute to the germ line, we decided to investigate the utility of porcine skin-derived stem cells (SSCs). Porcine SSCs were isolated from the skin on the back of day 35 to 50 Yorkshire fetuses. The SSCs were cultured continually in SSCs medium (DMEM/F12 containing B-27, 20 ng mL–1 of epidermal growth factor, and 40 ng mL–1 of basic fibroblast growth factor) at 37.8°C, 5% CO2, 95% air. The SSCs expressed the neural progenitor marker nestin, as well as genes that are critical for pluripotency, such as Oct4 and Stat3. The SSCs proliferated actively in vitro and retained a normal karyotype after long-term culture. Electron microscopy revealed 2 distinct cell types within the spheres; elongated cells at the sphere periphery had invaginated nuclear envelopes and prominent nucleoli, and these cells displayed few, but large elongated mitochondria with transversal cristae as well as large cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, the cells in the center of the spheres were predominantly round-shaped, with a large round nucleus or cuboidal. The SSCs can be genetically modified with long-term positive selection, and 50 μg mL–1 G418 appeared to be an appropriate dose of G418 for selection of the transfected SSCs. Finally, NT embryos reconstructed with SSCs showed high rates of pre- and post-implantation development.The cell number in the blastocyst stage embryos derived from cloning with the SSC was significantly higher than those of the blastocysts derived from IVF (28.5 ± 1.9, 16.8 ± 4.0, respectively, P < 0.05), although there was no significant difference in blastocyst formation rates between these groups (21 to 25%). Three of the animals became pregnant in 4 surrogate gilts which received cloned embryos and reached to term. Two healthy male cloned piglets and 1 healthy female cloned piglet are genetically identical to the SSCs. Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health.

Far Side Impact Injury Threshold Recommendations Based on 6 Paired WorldSID / Post Mortem Human Subjects Tests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Petit ◽  
Xavier Trosseille ◽  
Jérome Uriot ◽  
David Poulard ◽  
Pascal Potier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Impact Injury

scholarly journals Evolution, geographic spreading, and demographic distribution of Enterovirus D68

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma B. Hodcroft ◽  
Robert Dyrdak ◽  
Cristina Andrés ◽  
Adrian Egli ◽  
Josiane Reist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Full Length Genome

BackgroundWorldwide outbreaks of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in 2014 and 2016 have caused serious respiratory and neurological disease.MethodsWe collected samples from several European countries during the 2018 out-break and determined 53 near full-length genome (‘whole genome’) sequences. These sequences were combined with 718 whole genome and 1,987 VP1-gene publicly available sequences.FindingsIn 2018, circulating strains clustered into multiple subgroups in the B3 and A2 subclades, with different phylogenetic origins. Clusters in subclade B3 emerged from strains circulating primarily in the US and Europe in 2016, though some had deeper roots linking to Asian strains, while clusters in A2 traced back to strains detected in East Asia in 2015-2016. In 2018, all sequences from the USA formed a distinct subgroup, containing only three non-US samples. Alongside the varied origins of seasonal strains, we found that diversification of these variants begins up to 18 months prior to the first diagnostic detection during a EV-D68 season. EV-D68 displays strong signs of continuous antigenic evolution and all 2018 A2 strains had novel patterns in the putative neutralizing epitopes in the BC- and DE-loops. The pattern in the BC-loop of the USA B3 subgroup had not been detected on that continent before. Patients with EV-D68 in subclade A2 were significantly older than patients with a B3 subclade virus. In contrast to other subclades, the age distribution of A2 is distinctly bimodal and was found primarily among children and in the elderly.InterpretationWe hypothesize that EV-D68’s rapid evolution of surface proteins, extensive diversity, and high rate of geographic mixing could be explained by substantial reinfection of adults.FundingUniversity of Basel and Swedish Foundation for Research and Development in Medical Microbiology

scholarly journals Preliminary results on the phytophagous insect fauna on Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) in Bulgaria

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-309
Author(s):  
Vili Harizanova ◽  
Atanaska Stoeva ◽  
Massimo Cristofaro ◽  
Allesandra Paolini ◽  
Francesca Lecce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Phytophagous Insect ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Onopordum Acanthium ◽  
Vanessa Cardui ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Very High

The Scotch thistle, Onopordum acanthium (Asteraceae) has the Eurasian origin and represents an invasive weed in the USA and Australia. It is a serious problem in pastures, along roadsides, rangeland, etc. The weed is very common in Bulgaria and in 2009-2010 several sites with large populations of O. acanthium have been located. The weekly surveys of some of the sites, mainly in the region of Plovdiv, revealed a significant diversity of phytophagous insect species, some of which had very high population density. More than 30 species have already been identified and observations on the phenology and biology of some of them have been conducted. For some of the species, such as endophagous Larinus latus, Lixus cardui, Eublemma amoena, Trichosirocalus briesei, or ectophagous Cassida rubiginosa etc. found during our surveys, there are reports in the literature describing them as having been already introduced as successful biocontrol agents in Australia. Endophagous species like lepidopteran Myelois circumvoluta and Pyroderces argyrogrammos which feed on the stems and the head, and the tephritid flies Tephritis postica and Chaetostomella cylindrica which feed on the capitula, seem quite destructive for the weed, but need to be further studied regarding host specificity. Species like Vanessa cardui and Brachycaudus cardui were found regularly, but in low population density, mainly due to the high rate of parasitism.

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