A study on the asynchronous brake lock-up of a statically indeterminate tractor with an air suspension

2011 ◽  
Vol 226 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Xuanfeng ◽  
Liang Yingchun ◽  
Shi Guang ◽  
Huang Chaosheng ◽  
Ying Guozeng
Keyword(s):  
Front Axle ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Leaf Spring ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Air Suspension ◽  
Calculational Method ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Ideal

The paper aims to resolve the practical problems of asynchronous brake lock-up which acts on the wheels of statically indeterminate tractors with an air suspension. First, two kinds of deflection model are calculated, both of which are under the combined effect of the brake force and the vertical force. One model considers the leaf spring suspension that is mounted on the front axle, and the other considers the air suspensions that are mounted on both the midlift axle and the drive axle. Second, a 12-degree-of-freedom braking force distribution model of the statically indeterminate multi-axle tractor–semitrailer is constructed on the basis of the foregoing preparation. Third, the ideal braking forces of each axle in the model are simultaneously calculated and the actual braking forces of each axle are measured by road tests. The curves of the ideal and the actual braking force distribution ratios at different brake rates are described. The contradistinctive outcome indicates that the excessive braking force of the midlift axle results in a premature brake lock-up, which is the main reason why wheels lock asynchronously. Finally, because of the analysis of the distribution ratios of the ideal and the actual braking forces, the paper outlines how to redesign the braking force distribution of the tractor–semitrailer according to ECE R13, SAE J992b, and JASO C514. The paper also proposes a definition of and calculational method for the fitting degree (FD), and the FD of the midlift axle is improved from 61.2 per cent to 91.8 per cent. Compared with the original tractor–semitrailer, not only is the actual braking force distribution more reasonable but also the brake stability is improved.

THE IDEAL BRAKE FORCE DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN THE AXLES-AXLE VEHICLE WHEN THE SERVICE BRAKE APPLICATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 725-731
Author(s):  
Туренко ◽  
A. Turenko ◽  
Коробко ◽  
A. Korobko ◽  
Подригало ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Front Axle ◽  
Evaluation Criterion ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Brake Force ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Brake Force Distribution ◽  
Utility Vehicle ◽  
The Ideal

The article defines the ideal distribution of brake forces between the axles of two-axle utility vehicle when braking. As an evaluation criterion of the selected indicator was the coefficient of stability. It is established that with increase of deceleration of the vehicle axle when the service brake applications, the braking force at the front axle decreases

Research on Electro-Mechanical Braking System Control of EV Based on Maximum Energy Recovery Strategy

2015 ◽  
Vol 740 ◽  
pp. 196-200
Author(s):  
Qing Nian Wang ◽  
Shi Xin Song ◽  
Shao Kun Li ◽  
Wei Chen Zhao ◽  
Feng Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
System Control ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Power Battery ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
The Ideal

With the analysis of influence factors on regenerative braking in electro-mechanical braking system, and considering the power battery charging characteristics, a regenerative braking system control strategy for electric vehicle is researched in this paper. The models of the motor and the whole vehicle are built in AMESim. The control effects and the braking force distribution on front and rear wheels of the control strategy in an FTP-72 driving cycle are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the control strategy could be utilized in the 4WD electric vehicles. The ideal braking force distribution on front and rear wheels and the high amount of recovery energy could be achieved.

Influence of braking on dynamic stability of car-trailer combinations

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440702095989
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Jian-hua Wu ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
Zi-qian Zhao ◽  
Guo-dong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Stability Control ◽  
System Dynamic ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
The Ideal

The influence of braking on dynamic stability of a car-trailer combination (CTC) is studied in this paper. The braking is simply modeled and integrated into a single-track model (STM) with a single-axle trailer. On this basis, some fundamentals and analysis results related to system dynamic stability are given through simulation. Furthermore, it is found that the axle load transfer and braking force distribution have a great influence on system dynamic stability. In order to further analyze the influence of these two factors, both of the braking force distribution and the pitch motion are considered in the modeling. Finally, the ideal braking force distribution domain is proposed. Results can be adopted to explain the experimental phenomenon and serve as a guideline for the differential braking strategy in stability control of the CTC.

Light Truck Braking System Match and Optimization

2012 ◽  
Vol 548 ◽  
pp. 662-666
Author(s):  
Ke Gang Zhao ◽  
Yong Liang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Global Optimization ◽  
Rear Axle ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Automotive Brake ◽  
The Ideal

In order to make the front and rear axle braking force close to the ideal braking force distribution curves, this paper presents a new idea about the design of automotive brake systems. Firstly, the paper has studied the mathematical conversion relationship from the coordinate of utilization adhesion coefficient and braking strength to the coordinate of the front and rear axle braking force. On this basis, the optimal parameters and constraints complying with ECE regulation are determined. And the optimization objective is the degree of deviation between the curve of actual braking force distribution and the curve of the ideal braking force distribution. Taking a light truck for example, genetic algorithm is used to optimize the vehicle front-rear braking force distribution in the platform of MATLAB. Finally, it is proved that the result of global optimization can meet the design goals.

Study on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy

2012 ◽  
Vol 588-589 ◽  
pp. 1484-1489
Author(s):  
Tian Li Wang ◽  
Chang Hong Chen ◽  
Qing Jie Zhao ◽  
Ying Xiao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Distribution State ◽  
Avl Cruise ◽  
Braking Energy Recovery ◽  
The Ideal

Based on the analysis about the front and rear braking force distribution curve and the motor anti-drag braking characteristic, the Regenerative Braking Control Strategy which can maintain the capacity of the motor braking energy recovery and make the front and rear braking force distribution closer to the ideal distribution state is proposed. Create a control model. It is simulated by AVL-cruise. The results show that the new control strategies can improve the utilization of ground adhesion coefficient and braking stability.

scholarly journals Simulation Research on Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2202
Author(s):  
Cong Geng ◽  
Dawen Ning ◽  
Linfu Guo ◽  
Qicheng Xue ◽  
Shujian Mei
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Braking Energy Recovery

This paper proposes a double layered multi parameters braking energy recovery control strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle, which can combine the mechanical brake system with the motor brake system in the braking process to achieve higher energy utilization efficiency and at the same time ensure that the vehicle has sufficient braking performance and safety performance. The first layer of the control strategy proposed in this paper aims to improve the braking force distribution coefficient of the front axle. On the basis of following the principle of braking force distribution, the braking force of the front axle and the rear axle is reasonably distributed according to the braking strength. The second layer is to obtain the proportional coefficient of regenerative braking, considering the influence of vehicle speed, braking strength, and power battery state of charge (SOC) on the front axle mechanical braking force and motor braking force distribution, and a three-input single-output fuzzy controller is designed to realize the coordinated control of mechanical braking force and motor braking force of the front axle. Finally, the AMESim and Matlab/Simulink co-simulation model was built; the braking energy recovery control strategy proposed in this paper was simulated and analyzed based on standard cycle conditions (the NEDC and WLTC), and the simulation results were compared with regenerative braking control strategies A and B. The research results show that the braking energy recovery rate of the proposed control strategy is respectively 2.42%, 18.08% and 2.56%, 16.91% higher than that of the control strategies A and B, which significantly improves the energy recovery efficiency of the vehicle.

Design of combined brake system for light weight scooters

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110240
Author(s):  
Yuan-Ting Lin ◽  
Chyuan-Yow Tseng ◽  
Jao-Hwa Kuang ◽  
Yeong-Maw Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Ride Comfort ◽  
Brake System ◽  
Force Distribution ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Braking Force ◽  
Good Agreement

The combined brake system (CBS) is a mechanism that links the front and rear brakes for scooters. For two-wheeled scooters, a CBS with appropriate braking force distribution can reduce the risk of crashing accidents due to insufficient driving proficiency. The design of the braking force distribution for a CBS is challenging to the designer because it has to fulfill many requirements such as braking performance, ride comfort, reliability, and low costs. This paper proposes a systematic method to optimize the parameters of CBS. The evaluation indexes for the design are first discussed. The steps to determine the critical parameter to meet the indexes and a method to predict braking performance are developed. Finally, driving tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results showed that the deceleration of the tested scooter equipped with the designed CBS achieves an average mean fully developed deceleration (MFDD) of 5.246 m/s2, higher than the homologation requirement. Furthermore, the proposed method’s prediction of braking performance is in good agreement with the test results, with errors <1%.

scholarly journals THE IDEAL DISTRIBUTION OF FARMERS: EXPLAINING THE EURO-AMERICAN SETTLEMENT OF UTAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Yaworsky ◽  
Brian F. Codding
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Ideal Free Distribution ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The Ideal

Explaining how and why populations settle a new landscape is central to many questions in American archaeology. Recent advances in settlement research have adopted predictions from the Ideal Free Distribution model (IFD). While tests of IFD predictions to date rely either on archaeologically derived coarse-grained diachronic data or ethnographically derived fine-grained synchronic data, here we provide the first test using historically derived data that is both fine-grained and diachronic. Fine-grain diachronic data allow us to test model predictions at a temporal scale in line with human settlement decisions and to validate proxies for application in archaeological contexts. To test model predictions pertaining to the relationship between population density and habitat quality, we use data from the historical settlement of Utah. The results demonstrate a negative relationship between population density and the quality of habitats occupied. These results are consistent with IFD predictions, suggesting that Euro-American settlement of Utah resulted from individuals attempting to maximize individual returns via agricultural productivity. Our results provide a quantitative and testable explanation for population dispersion over time and explain the spatial distribution of population density today. The results support predictions derived from a general theory of behavior, providing an explanatory framework for colonization events worldwide.

The Home at the core of Modernity, an optimistic architecture

2021 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Ana Tostões
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Single Family ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Modern Movement

Devoted to the theme of single-family houses, given the key role they played in the ideal definition of the Modern Movement architecture, as a symbolic and functional affirmation of the utopian turning of dreams into reality, the aim of this issue is to consider the transformation of daily life, and to address the architectural challenges that arose from the joy contained in what we might call the “architecture of happiness.” As we continue to endure a pandemic that has now lasted for more than a year, docomomo wishes to declare that “till the moment, the best vaccine to prevent contagion was invented by architects: the house”. Thus, in response to the question “How should we live?”, it is intended to debate the house and the home agenda as an important topic at the core of Modern Movement architecture. Nowadays, the growing emphasis on wellbeing goes beyond the seminal ideas that modern houses were “machines à habiter” and is closer to an idealistic vision of a stimulating shell for humans, which is shaped by imagination, experimentation, efficiency, and knowledge.

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