Smearing time: Critical temporality and corporate ontology

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1023
Author(s):  
Gary Genosko ◽  
Paul Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Universal Time ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Temporal Ontology ◽  
Network Time ◽  
Critical Media ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
Global Time ◽  
Time Critical ◽  
Atomic Time

Since 1972 a leap second has been introduced into global time standardization systems, due to the discrepancy between Coordinated Universal Time and International Atomic Time. Until recently, the leap second has been a consensual, if mildly uncanny adjustment, a para-governmental temporal wobble. Google's explanation of its actions with regard to the insertion of a leap second smeared into its Network Time Protocol servers is couched in terms of a period extending initially over 20 h, ultimately reaching 24 h. Google is intent on taking ownership of the smear and transducing it into a technologically stabilised change. Although there are a number of different strategies of smearing time, Google advocates for its standard smear that it wants other digital giants like Bloomberg, Amazon and Microsoft to replicate. In this paper we first analyze Google's temporal strategy in terms of its affinities and departures from the classical view of time in Aristotle's core considerations in the Physics Book IV, in terms of a consonant enumeration but in our example at variable speeds/intervals, and then in terms of Wolfgang Ernst's conception of time-critical media. Leap seconds conform to Ernst's sense of kairotic time, an auspicious micro-moment that is both techno-mathematically pre-defined and decisive for ensuring operationality. Google executes smeared time-critical processes but wants to establish mastery over the measurement and manipulation of humanly imperceptible microtemporal events by inhabiting temporal ontology itself, proposing its practice, based on misleading its servers, as a model for other digital hegemons.

scholarly journals Time and Frequency Activities at the U.S. Naval Observatory

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrios Matsakis
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Universal Time ◽  
Time Transfer ◽  
Hydrogen Maser ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Naval Observatory ◽  
Network Time ◽  
The Us ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
The U.S

The US Naval Observatory (USNO) has provided timing for the navy since 1830 and, in cooperation with other institutions, has also provided timing for the United States and the international community. Its Master Clock (MC) is the source of UTC(USNO), the USNO's realization of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which has stayed within 5 nanoseconds RMS of UTC since 1999. The data used to generate UTC(USNO) are based upon 73 cesium and 21 hydrogen maser frequency standards in three buildings at two sites. The USNO disseminates time via voice, telephone modem, LORAN, Network Time Protocol (NTP), GPS, and two-way satellite time transfer (TWSTT). This paper describes some of the changes being made to meet the future needs for precision, accuracy, and robustness.

scholarly journals Security Vulnerability Assessment of Google Home Connection with an Internet of Things Device

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hilal Çepik ◽  
Ömer Aydın ◽  
Gökhan Dalkılıç
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Security Vulnerability ◽  
Network Time ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
Home Systems

With virtual assistants, both changes and serious conveniences are provided in human life. For this reason, the use of virtual assistants is increasing. The virtual assistant software has started to be produced as separate devices as well as working on phones, tablets, and computer systems. Google Home is one of these devices. Google Home can work integrated with smart home systems and various Internet of Things devices. The security of these systems is an important issue. As a result of attackers taking over these systems, very serious problems may occur. It is very important to take the necessary actions to detect these problems and to take the necessary measures to prevent possible attacks. The purpose of this study is to test whether an attack that attackers can make to these systems via network time protocol will be successful or not. Accordingly, it has been tried to attack the wireless connection established between Google Home and an Internet of Things device over the network time protocol. Attack results have been shared.

NTP DRDoS Attack Vulnerability and Mitigation

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 2875-2880
Author(s):  
A. Alfraih Abdulaziz Nasser ◽  
Wen Bo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Amplification Factor ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Personal Computers ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Network Time ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Time Zones ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
The Way

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is used to synchronize clocks of various computer devices such as personal computers, tablets, and phones based their set time zones. The network of devices that use these NTP servers form a huge distributed network that attracted a number of attacks from late 2013 towards early 2014. This paper presents a hands-on test of the Distributed Reflection Denial of Service (DRDoS) attack by the monlist command, provides more vulnerability in the protocol, and offers mitigation to these vulnerabilities. A Kali Linux server was used to test the monlist command on its localhost. The results showed that a request with a size of 234 bytes got a response of 4,680 bytes. A busy NTP server can return up to 600 addresses which were theoretically calculated to return approximately 48 kilobytes in 100 packets. Consequently, this results in an amplification factor of 206×. The knowledge of the way the attack can be propagated was an important step in thwarting the attack and mitigating more such threats in the same protocol.

First measurement service applied to event dating for reliable business transactions: metrology for digital transformation using Colombian legal time.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Fernanda Rodriguez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Transformation ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
National Metrology Institute ◽  
Remote Measurement ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Network Time ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
The Difference

Diffusing the legal time in Colombia is one missional assessment of INM (National Metrology Institute of Colombia). This is done via a public IP through an NTP server (Network Time Protocol Server) disciplined to the National Standard of Time and Frequency. So, the companies can synchronize their servers, but they do not have certainty about the difference that exists between the time of the client-server and the legal time of the INM server because there is not a constant verification implemented by themselves. In Colombia, the demand for the legal time service has increased because it is used by many companies due to the rise of innovative applications such as time-stamp, digital signature, electronic invoice, and economic transactions. This has an impact on the economic environment of a country for world trade. For this reason, the INM of Colombia implemented a new service to measure the synchronization offset with the legal time, which allows the companies to have a new service that generates reliability respecting the time they use to provide their services. Inspired by the INM contribution to the international comparison Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) and the intercomparison of the National Standards of Time and Frequency implemented through the SIM time scale (SIMT) using GPS (Global Positioning System), the INM developed a customized application for national comparison using NTP. As a result, this is the first remote measurement service as evidence of metrology for digital transformation in Colombia in the field of time and frequency.

Does an Open Source Development Environment Facilitate Conventional Project Management Approaches and Collaborative Work?

2021 ◽  
pp. 239-256
Author(s):  
Richard Garling
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Network Time ◽  
Network Time Protocol ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Open Source Development

Open source software (OSS) is very well known for allowing free access to the source code of the application. The idea is to allow for the creation of a better product. The more people working to make each aspect of an application better, more minds create more ideas, create a better project. OSS runs the internet since all of the protocols—network time protocol (NTP), HTTP, amongst many others—are OSS projects with many years of use. These projects are run by volunteers worldwide. But, none of these projects are run using the traditional methodologies of project management: Waterfall and Agile. This chapter asks: How does an open source development environment facilitate conventional Waterfall project management approaches? and How does an open source development environment facilitate Agile project collaborative work? The method used to determine the answers used surveys and questionnaires involving actual participants in a variety of OSS projects from across the United States (US). The questions asked concerned the organization OSS projects, did they use a particular traditional methodology or some other non-defined method of organization? The answers received by this study centered on non-defined methods of organization; traditional methodologies were considered too restrictive and not agile enough to allow for the freedom cherished by their volunteers.

scholarly journals Progress in Realization of the Time Unit and Scales

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 253-254
Author(s):  
J. Kovalevsky
Keyword(s):  
Universal Time ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Frequency Standards ◽  
Unit Scale ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Scale Interval ◽  
To Come ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Atomic Time

AbstractThe establishment of the TAI is done in two steps: the construction of the EAT from clocks in laboratories, then its steering by primary frequency standards. Great progress in the precision and stability of EAL was made by the generalized use of GPS time transfer and by the introduction of hydrogen masers and new very performant clocks. Only two primary frequency standards are sufficiently accurate to steer the frequency of TAI, but new standards are now being assessed. The present stability of TAI is 5.10−15 and the accuracy 2.10−14. Improvements should occur in the years to come.The establishment of the International Atomic Time (TAI) and the resulting Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by the time section of BIPM is done in two steps (Guinot and Thomas, 1988). At first, a free atomic scale, EAL (Echelle atomique libre) is built in two month blocks combining data from about 200 atomic clocks kept by 60 laboratories and regularly reported to the BIPM by 45 centres which maintain a local coordinated universal time, UTC(k). Then, the duration of the scale interval of EAL is compared with data from primary caesium standards producing the SI second which, in turn, is converted on the rotating geoid as the unit scale of TAL A linear function of time with the necessary slope is added to EAL to ensure the accuracy of the TAI scale interval.

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