scholarly journals Beyond the Core-Deficit Hypothesis in Developmental Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan E. Astle ◽  
Sue Fletcher-Watson
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Deficit Thinking ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Deficit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Control Designs

Developmental disorders and childhood learning difficulties encompass complex constellations of relative strengths and weaknesses across multiple aspects of learning, cognition, and behavior. Historically, debate in developmental psychology has been focused largely on the existence and nature of core deficits—the shared mechanistic origin from which all observed profiles within a diagnostic category emerge. The pitfalls of this theoretical approach have been articulated multiple times, but reductionist, core-deficit accounts remain remarkably prevalent. They persist because developmental science still follows the methodological template that accompanies core-deficit theories—highly selective samples, case-control designs, and voxel-wise neuroimaging methods. Fully moving beyond “core-deficit” thinking will require more than identifying its theoretical flaws. It will require a wholesale rethink about the way we design, collect, and analyze developmental data.

Risk Attitudes and Behavior Among Norwegian Adolescents

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Iversen ◽  
Torbjørn Rundmo ◽  
Hroar Klempe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
The Core ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Abstract. The core aim of the present study is to compare the effects of a safety campaign and a behavior modification program on traffic safety. As is the case in community-based health promotion, the present study's approach of the attitude campaign was based on active participation of the group of recipients. One of the reasons why many attitude campaigns conducted previously have failed may be that they have been society-based public health programs. Both the interventions were carried out simultaneously among students aged 18-19 years in two Norwegian high schools (n = 342). At the first high school the intervention was behavior modification, at the second school a community-based attitude campaign was carried out. Baseline and posttest data on attitudes toward traffic safety and self-reported risk behavior were collected. The results showed that there was a significant total effect of the interventions although the effect depended on the type of intervention. There were significant differences in attitude and behavior only in the sample where the attitude campaign was carried out and no significant changes were found in the group of recipients of behavior modification.

scholarly journals The Role of Flexibility in the Realization of Inclusive Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4452
Author(s):  
Laura Lübke ◽  
Martin Pinquart ◽  
Malte Schwinger
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Behavioral Disturbances ◽  
Teachers Attitudes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Mainstream Students

This study focused on associations between teachers’ flexibility and their use of evidence-based strategies in inclusive education in a sample of N = 119 teachers. Flexibility showed direct effects on teachers’ attitudes towards the achievement of mainstream students and students with learning difficulties, attitudes towards social benefits of inclusion for students with emotional and behavioral disturbances, and on teachers’ self-efficacy regarding the support of students’ social skills. Furthermore, indirect effects of flexibility on intentions and behavior regarding the support of social skills were found. The findings emphasize the importance of teachers’ flexibility in the realization of inclusive education.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization of bacterial and fungal microbiomes in the gut of adult honeybees

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Callegari ◽  
Elena Crotti ◽  
Marco Fusi ◽  
Ramona Marasco ◽  
Elena Gonella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Phylotypes ◽  
Specific Variable ◽  
The Core ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe core gut microbiome of adult honeybee comprises a set of recurring bacterial phylotypes, accompanied by lineage-specific, variable, and less abundant environmental bacterial phylotypes. Several mutual interactions and functional services to the host, including the support provided for growth, hormonal signaling, and behavior, are attributed to the core and lineage-specific taxa. By contrast, the diversity and distribution of the minor environmental phylotypes and fungal members in the gut remain overlooked. In the present study, we hypothesized that the microbial components of forager honeybees (i.e., core bacteria, minor environmental phylotypes, and fungal members) are compartmentalized along the gut portions. The diversity and distribution of such three microbial components were investigated in the context of the physico-chemical conditions of different gut compartments. We observed that changes in the distribution and abundance of microbial components in the gut are consistently compartment-specific for all the three microbial components, indicating that the ecological and physiological interactions among the host and microbiome vary with changing physico-chemical and metabolic conditions of the gut.

scholarly journals Family based and case–control designs reveal an association of TFAP2A in nonsyndromic cleft lip only among Vietnamese population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duc Minh Nguyen ◽  
Satoshi Suzuki ◽  
Hideto Imura ◽  
Teruyuki Niimi ◽  
Hiroo Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Vietnamese Population ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Control Designs

Applying Persuasion Strategies to Alter HIV-Relevant Thoughts and Behavior

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loraine Devos-Comby ◽  
Peter Salovey
Keyword(s):  
Message Framing ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
The Core ◽  
Message Source ◽  
Message Effects ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Health communication strategies are at the core of both mass media campaigns and public health interventions conducted at the community level concerning the prevention of HIV/AIDS. They are often nested in complex contexts that prevent us from being able to identify the persuasive impact of a specific message. The authors attempt to account for an array of factors contributing to the persuasiveness of messages about HIV. The aim is to synthesize the psychological literature on persuasion and thus provide a conceptual framework for understanding message effects in HIV communications. This discussion concerns fear appeals, message framing, tailoring, cultural targeting, and additional factors pertaining to the message, source, and channel of the communication. Whenever possible, recommendations for further research are formulated.

A Qualitative Analysis of Holistic Sport Psychology Consultants’ Professional Philosophies

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Friesen ◽  
Terry Orlick
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Holistic Development ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms ◽  
Applied Sport Psychology

Incorporating the holistic development of the athlete into an applied sport psychology intervention has been addressed in the literature (e.g., Bond, 2002; Ravizza, 2002). How sport psychology consultants actually practice holistic sport psychology remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to provide a clarification as to what holistic sport psychology is and examine the beliefs, values, theoretical paradigms, and models of practice of holistic sport psychology consultants’ professional philosophies (Poczwardowski, Sherman, & Ravizza, 2004). Qualitative interviews with five purposefully selected holistic sport psychology consultants were conducted. In general, holistic consulting can be interpreted to mean: (a) managing the psychological effects to the athlete’s performance from nonsport domains; (b) developing the core individual beyond their athletic persona; and (c) recognizing the dynamic relationship between an athlete’s thoughts, feelings, physiology, and behavior. The corresponding beliefs, values, theoretical paradigms, and models of practice of holistic consultants were also presented.

scholarly journals Power and sample size for multivariate logistic modeling of unmatched case-control studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 822-834
Author(s):  
Mitchell H Gail ◽  
Sebastien Haneuse
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Simulation Methods ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Sample Size Calculations ◽  
Control Designs ◽  
Univariate Analyses

Sample size calculations are needed to design and assess the feasibility of case-control studies. Although such calculations are readily available for simple case-control designs and univariate analyses, there is limited theory and software for multivariate unconditional logistic analysis of case-control data. Here we outline the theory needed to detect scalar exposure effects or scalar interactions while controlling for other covariates in logistic regression. Both analytical and simulation methods are presented, together with links to the corresponding software.

Comorbidity: Cognition and biology count!

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 168-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orly Rubinsten ◽  
Avishai Henik
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
The Core ◽  
Brain Levels ◽  
Core Deficit

AbstractWe agree with Cramer et al. that pure cases of behavioral disorders with no symptom overlaps are rare. However, we argue that disorders do exist and the network idea is limited and limiting. Networks of symptoms are observed mainly at behavioral levels. The core deficit is commonly at the cognitive or brain levels, and there the story is completely different.

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