‘The Tsar Gave the Order and the Boyars Assented’

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-252
Author(s):  
Hans-Heinrich Nolte
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
New Institutions

It is argued that the political institutions of Muscovite Russia (Tsarstvo, adequately translated as kingdom in the early-modern times)—the meeting of the sobor (land) with its three voting bodies and the council of boyars (Duma) on the level of the Tsardom of Russia. As a whole, they were instruments of finding consensus between the Tsar and the powerful and rich groups of the ‘country’ (Zemlja) such as Church, nobility and big merchants. On the local level, autonomy and cooperation with the center in Moscow was established in the self-government (Mir) of villages and town-quarters (Sloboda), which also organised tax raising and other services for the government as quartering troops. Institutions of local law-enforcement (Guba) cooperated with the Ministry for law enforcement (razbojnik prikaz) in Moscow. Peter I (in the French way, by not convoking the sobor, ending the boyars’ council and founding new institutions in a new capital) established absolutism and Empire in Russia. As Putin said, ‘Historiography should neither date that change back nor render an image of Russia as immobile and centralistic by nature nor idealize the pre-Petrine system rendering an image of a ‘real Russia’ back in times.’

scholarly journals Law Enforcement Officers’ Reaction on Traditional Crimes to Fight Cybercrime Locally

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Coleman McKoy
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Local Law

Cybercrime has become one of the fastest-growing concerns for law enforcement agencies at the federal, state, and municipal levels. This qualitative case study examined the perceptions of nine law enforcement officers from Texas regarding combating cybercrime at the local level. The study focuses on how do law enforcement officers who respond to traditional crimes describe law enforcement agencies’ preparedness to fight cybercrime locally. Data collection consisted of semistructured interviews, where member-checking helped to enhance trustworthiness. The results from this study helped fill the gap in the literature regarding the unknown perceptions of law enforcement officers responding to cybercrimes at the local level. This study also focused on the behaviors of the participants regarding responding to cybercrimes. Participants indicated that law enforcement agencies take cybercrime seriously; however, cybercrimes are not a high priority for law enforcement at the local level. Participants also provided challenges that local law enforcement agencies face in cybercrime investigations locally.

Law Enforcement and the Local Community

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Law

Ultimately, the enforcement of the criminal law in early modern England depended upon the co-operation and involvement of a number of parochial officers: in particular the parish constables, but also churchwardens and manorial jurors. Recently social historians examining local law enforcement have rejected the earlier tendency to disparage parochial officers and have emphasized the relative efficiency of local officers, the importance of the shifting relation between central authority and local society, and the implications of social and cultural change among the bulk of the population. This paper provides an overview of these themes, and stresses the importance of the law at all social levels in early modern England.

The Qing Code and Special Judicial Legislation

Unruly People ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Antony
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Crime Wave ◽  
Local Law ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Government

Chapter 10 begins the final section on state and local law enforcement with a discussion on the promulgation of several crucial Qing laws. Although officials and other observers throughout the eighteenth century frequently complained about Guangdong’s lawlessness, it was not until the 1780s that the central government began to enact specific laws to deal with bandits, sworn brotherhoods, and social disorder in the province. Between 1780 and 1845, a time when officials perceived a rising crime wave in the province, the government passed at least twelve special substatutes to handle the problems in Guangdong and neighboring provinces. The burst of special legislation during those years was both an indication of a rise in bandit and brotherhood activity in Guangdong as well as the deep concerns that the state had about maintaining law and order.

Cyber Investigations, A Law Enforcement Needs Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-77
Author(s):  
Frank X. Hartle III ◽  
Christopher Wydra
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Local Law Enforcement ◽  
Local Law ◽  
Cyber Crimes

The purpose of this article is to assess the needs of local and state law enforcement agencies to investigate both cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crimes. While large federal investigative agencies have the skills, tools and resources to investigate cyber-crimes, the increasing propagation of such crimes has overwhelmed their ability to investigate all but the most serious national security threats and large-scale cyber-crimes. To that end, this article assesses the current knowledge, skills, and abilities of local law enforcement to perform cyber-crime investigations and more importantly their desire to do so. As these crimes grow in ease and popularity it is posited that local law enforcement will be required to have the technical skills to investigate a myriad of cyber-crimes at the local level. As such, there will be a need for local training in cyber-crimes investigation and shared investigative resources. Additionally, this paper gauges local law enforcements' willingness to participate in such training.

La otredad: ¿real o inventada? El caso de las brujas

1999 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Elia Nathan Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The One ◽  
In Virtue Of

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, it offers a general analysis of stigmas (a person has one when, in virtue of its belonging to a certain group, such as that of women, homosexuals, etc., he or she is subjugated or persecuted). On the other hand, I argue that stigmas are “invented”. More precisely, I claim that they are not descriptive of real inequalities. Rather, they are socially created, or invented in a lax sense, in so far as the real differences to which they refer are socially valued or construed as negative, and used to justify social inequalities (that is, the placing of a person in the lower positions within an economic, cultural, etc., hierarchy), or persecutions. Finally, I argue that in some cases, such as that of the witch persecution of the early modern times, we find the extreme situation in which a stigma was invented in the strict sense of the word, that is, it does not have any empirical content.

Shakespeare’s Dancing Bodies

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-196
Author(s):  
Brandon Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Somatic Psychology ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Romeo And Juliet ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Times

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.

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