Impoverishment Due to Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures: Measurement and Comparison Across Different Surveys in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Roopali Goyanka ◽  
Charu C. Garg ◽  
Sheela Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization

Various estimates of impoverishment on account of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health are available for India, covering different time periods, but there is a void in terms of comparable estimates. This article uses national level surveys conducted by National Sample Survey Organization for measurement of living standards (Consumption Expenditure Survey [CES]) for 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 and Health and Morbidity Survey (HMS) for 2004 and 2014 to quantify the trends in impoverishment estimates over time and identify the factors explaining these trends. Using consistent methodology, it is estimated that the increase in the number of persons impoverished due to OOPE using HMS is 19.78 million (from 77.9 million to 97.78 million) between 2004 and 2014, while using CES, the increase is 2.90 million (from 51.48 to 54.38 million) between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Expenditure on outpatient care including drugs led to 72 million people being pushed below poverty line in 2014. Most of the increase in impoverishment has come in lower income quintiles both in rural and urban areas. Government needs to focus on reducing OOPE for bottom three income quintiles and more specifically the household expenditure on medicines.

Exploring Rural–Urban Inequality in India in the Post-economic Reform Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debolina Kundu ◽  
Arvind Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

Structural reforms were adopted by India in the early 1990s. Despite a slowdown in the major economies of the world due to global financial crisis in 2008–2009, Indian economy has consistently performed better and achieved a growth rate of 8–9 per cent in the past decade. The proponents of the economic reforms thus believe that the measures of structural adjustment would bring about economic growth and narrow down the rural–urban gap in India. In this context, this article examines the impact of the reforms on rural–urban disparities with regard to select indicators of socio-economic development. This has been addressed by studying the pattern of education attainment levels, employment level and status, and the wage and consumption expenditures of rural and urban workers in India from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012. The results from the four rounds of the national sample survey (NSS) show that in the corresponding period, the gap between rural and urban areas has come down in the select indicators except employment.

scholarly journals National sample survey organization survey report: An estimation of prevalence of mental illness and its association with age in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 051-054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Lakhan ◽  
Olúgbémiga T. Ekúndayò
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization

ABSTRACT Background: The Indian population suffers with significant burden of mental illness. The prevalence rate and its association with age and other demographic indicators are needed for planning purpose. Objective: This study attempted to calculate age-wise prevalence of mental illness for rural and urban settings, and its association with age. Materials and Methods: Data published in National Sample Survey Organization (2002) report on disability is used for the analysis. Spearman correlation for strength of association, z-test for difference in prevalence, and regression statistics for predicting the prevalence rate of mental illness are used. Result: Overall population have 14.9/1000 prevalence of mental illness. It is higher in rural setting 17.1/1000 than urban 12.7/1000 (P < 0.001). There is a strong correlation found with age in rural (ϱ = 0.910, P = 0.001) and urban (ϱ = 0.940, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Results of this study confirm other epidemiological research in India. Large-population epidemiological studies are recommended.

Poverty and Food Security: Trends Among Socio-religious Groups in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panchanan Das ◽  
Anindita Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Food Insecure Households

This article analyses food insecurity, poverty risk and inequality in different castes and religious groups in India by utilizing National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO) household-level information between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. The article provides an assessment of the socio-economic characteristics of food-insecure households of the country, and it finds that the poverty risk estimated on the basis of relative poverty line increased both in rural and urban India between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. The study finds that the likelihood of incidence of food security for the population increased, irrespective of social and religious groups. Food security was lower in Muslims than in Hindus. The relative degree of food security was significantly less among the tribal people compared to other social groups.

scholarly journals Comparison of Changes in Living Standards of Poland’S Population Across Different Classes of Location Over The Years 2000–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Patrycja Zwiech ◽  
Anna Turczak
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Durable Goods ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Structure Of Expenditure

Abstract The goal of this article is to verify the hypothesis that from 2000 to 2011 the discrepancies between material living standards in the countryside and cities of different sizes blurred in Poland year by year. On the basis of the research conducted it has been determined that over the first decade of the 21st century the discrepancy between the living standards in Poland’s rural and urban areas decreased in terms of the amount and structure of expenditure per capita, volume of quantitative consumption, housing conditions and household equipment including durable goods. This conclusion has been drawn because the level of examined variables, both in the countryside and cities or towns of different sizes over the years 2000–2011, approached in most cases the level observed for the whole country.

Digital Divide in India

2012 ◽  
pp. 106-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumanjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Content Creation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Building Community ◽  
The Government

Existing studies of the digital divide reveals the gap that exists between those who have access to ICTs and those who do not create exclusion, endanger social integration and hamper economic growth. The digital divide has many dimensions and can be categorized as global, regional and national. At national level, there is no single divide, but multiple divides: for instance, within countries, between men and women, young and elderly, rich and poor and most importantly rural and urban. The present paper is mainly focused on India and tries to explore the problem of digital divide mainly in rural-urban India. In the context of the present paper digital divide essentially means tele-density, mobile and Internet divide between the rural and urban areas. In this paper, the author reveals that obstacles such as illiteracy, lack of skills, infrastructures, and investment in rural areas must be tackled if India is to diminish the gap of the digital divide. The government should work toward connectivity provision, content creation, capacity augmentation, core technologies creation and exploitation, cost reduction, competence building, community participation and commitment to the deprived and disadvantaged to bridge the digital divide.

Has the Consumption Pattern Changed? An Overview of Livestock Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 312-317
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Livestock Products

Household food consumption pattern is mainly driven by several social-cultural and economic factors. Income being one such crucial factor, this study was undertaken with an attempt to understand the changing consumer behaviour of an average Indian household with respect to income using various rounds of consumption expenditure surveys of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). Findings of the study revealed that the consumption pattern of an average Indian household is shifting more towards high value food items such as livestock products which is dominating the share of consumption expenditure previously occupied by cereals, both in rural and urban areas as per latest survey findings. Within livestock product group, average monthly per capita expenditure for dairy products was reported to be higher (`299.2) than the corresponding expenditure towards meat consumption (`164.45) at national level. Livestock products being nutritionally superior if incorporated into the diets of hunger prone groups of society will have enormous potential to combat the nutritional challenges. Higher-income elasticities were observed for fruits, served processed food items and especially for milk and milk products were around 0.73 and 0.26both in rural and urban areas respectively. Demand growth of livestock products propelled by increased income is likely to put intense pressure on the supply side to improve its production performance therefore, having several policy implications such as production decisions, strategizing export and import of livestock products accordingly.

Drinking Water Supply

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Drinking Water

This chapter focuses specifically on drinking water supply, which is divided into national, state, rural, and urban areas given the multiplicity of relevant instruments. The first section focuses on rural drinking supply. It reproduces the main national-level policy instrument in this area, the National Rural Drinking Water Programme Guidelines, 2013, select state-level legislation (panchayat acts) and instruments highlighting the push for reforms and privatisation in the sector. The second section focuses on urban drinking water supply. It reproduces extracts of a national statute and select state-level legal instruments. It also reproduces legal instruments seeking to foster reforms in urban water provisioning. The third section looks at drinking water supply in specific contexts and highlights select legal instruments concerning schools, post-disaster management, and work places. The last section highlights the issue of drinking water quality and quantity standards, a crucial dimension that has not been given yet the place it deserves in legislation.

Gradual Disappearance of Gender Disparity in Human Capital Accumulation: Evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1108-1127
Author(s):  
Anjan Ray Chaudhury ◽  
Madhabendra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Gender Groups

This study examines the existence and persistence of gender disparity in education in rural and urban India. We use the sequential logit model of regression on data sets provided by three rounds of quinquennial employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). The findings of the study reveal that in both rural and urban sectors of India there is gender group disparity, and this disparity is greater in the rural sector than in the urban areas. Furthermore, it is also found that the gender groups’ disparity in education in India has substantially changed during the last two decades across both sectors.

Determinants of Household Access Demand for Telecom Services in India: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Karnataka State ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Social Caste ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper estimates the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of household access demand for telecommunications (or telecom) services by employing a binary logit model and using a sample survey data from Karnataka State (India). The evidence suggests that social caste, education level, size of income, income tax payers, and location of friends and relatives in local call area have significant impact on household access demand. However, the nature and magnitude of the impact of these determinants are different in rural and urban areas, respectively. Further, given the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, a rise in the average income of households is shown to have a remarkable increase in the probability for access demand. These results imply that knowledge of socioeconomic and demographic determinants are relevant inputs for design of a promotional policy for access to telecom services. Subject to the comparability of socioeconomic structures, these implications are of relevance for promotion of household access demand for telecom services in other developing countries.

scholarly journals The impact of remittances on household poverty

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohiomoje Iyemifokhae ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The North ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Impact

In 2015, the inflow of international remittances to Nigeria stood at $20.5 billion (World Bank, 2016). This represents 3.5% of the global flow and 58.5% of the Sub-Saharan Africa’s estimate. In spite of this increased flow, household poverty has remained pervasive in Nigeria. Previous studies have focused on the impact that aggregate remittances have on household poverty without considering the roles of the different types of remittances (cash, food and other remittances) on household poverty in Nigeria. This study was, therefore, designed to analyse the impact of the various types of remittances on household poverty across the rural and urban areas and the six geo-political zones of Nigeria. The study was premised on consumption theory which incorporates remittances as a form of income that affects household consumption. The methodology was similar to that of Mukherjee and Benson (2003). In this study, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) was used to estimate the mean of the per capita expenditures (which were compared with the absolute poverty line) of remittance-receiving households against households, community and regional profiles. Probit regression was used as robustness checks on the OLS estimates. In order to examine the effect of endogeneity, the Heckman’s two-stage estimation technique was deployed. The impact of aggregate, cash, food and other remittances on household poverty are chequered in rural, urban and across the six geo-political zones. These impacts are felt strongly in the rural and urban areas as well as in the North Central, South East and South West zones than in other geo-political zones of Nigeria.

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