Design of IoT based Real-Time Bus Tracking App using HF-RFID

Public Transportation is the major means of Bus among people. A recent survey by the National Sample Survey Organization says that about 62-66% of people use the bus as their mode of transport. Public Bus tracking system aims at providing the instant status of the bus to the users via an automated system. This paper describes a design of IoT enabled real time bus tracking system. In this work a bus tracking mobile phone app is developed, using that people can exactly locate the bus status and time to bus arrival at bus-stop. This work uses high frequency RFID tags at buses and RFID receivers at bus-stops and with NodeMCU real time RIFD tagging (bus running) information is collected and uploaded on cloud. Users can access the bus running and status from cloud on mobile app in real time.

Women Entrepreneurship

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), not more than 14% of business establishments are run by female entrepreneurs in India, especially in rural areas. Entrepreneurship is not an easy step for women. It was traditionally considered as a man's bastion, but now with the due course of time, women are coming in the limelight to fulfil their aspiration as it is a fruitful opportunity where educated or illiterates can do wonders to achieve their dreams. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in a way it should have been. With the drastic change in modernization, people are more comfortable to accept the leading role of women in society, with some exceptions.

Estimates of multidimensional poverty for India using NSSO-71 and -75

We measure multidimensional poverty in India using National Sample Survey Organization data from 2014–15 to 2017–18. We use income, health, education, and standard of living to measure the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The MPI headcount declined from 26.9 to 13.75 per cent over the study period. The all-India estimates indicate that 144 million people were lifted from poverty during this period. We include different health dimensions, factoring in insurance, institutional coverage, antenatal care, and chronic conditions. Income is the dominant instrument with the highest contribution to the MPI, followed by insurance. Cooking, sanitation, and education also have significant weights. The decline in deprivation is steeper in rural areas than urban areas. Our state-level estimates reveal that 20 states report less than 10 per cent headcount poverty, up from six states. COVID-19 may lead to reversals of these gains, with poverty rising to pre-2014–15 levels, rising more steeply in rural areas.

Impoverishment Due to Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures: Measurement and Comparison Across Different Surveys in India

Various estimates of impoverishment on account of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health are available for India, covering different time periods, but there is a void in terms of comparable estimates. This article uses national level surveys conducted by National Sample Survey Organization for measurement of living standards (Consumption Expenditure Survey [CES]) for 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 and Health and Morbidity Survey (HMS) for 2004 and 2014 to quantify the trends in impoverishment estimates over time and identify the factors explaining these trends. Using consistent methodology, it is estimated that the increase in the number of persons impoverished due to OOPE using HMS is 19.78 million (from 77.9 million to 97.78 million) between 2004 and 2014, while using CES, the increase is 2.90 million (from 51.48 to 54.38 million) between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012. Expenditure on outpatient care including drugs led to 72 million people being pushed below poverty line in 2014. Most of the increase in impoverishment has come in lower income quintiles both in rural and urban areas. Government needs to focus on reducing OOPE for bottom three income quintiles and more specifically the household expenditure on medicines.

Inequalities in Health Outcomes: Evidence from NSS Data

Health is a systemic entity and inequalities in health outcomes not only limit an individual’s potential to contribute to the economy but also inhibits one from living one’s life to the fullest potential, affecting one’s own well-being and social welfare at large. The purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of inequalities in health outcomes and to explain the contribution of different factors to the overall inequality. Using the data of National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds for the analysis, the health outcome of interest was self-reported morbidity captured in the survey with 15 days recall period. Socio-economic status was measured by per capita monthly expenditure, and the concentration index is used as a measure of socio-economic health inequalities and is decomposed into its contributing factors. Our findings show that high-level inequalities in self-reported morbidity were largely concentrated among wealthier groups in India. On the other hand, even though the inequalities in self-reported morbidity were more among the wealthier groups for Karnataka, yet the magnitude of inequalities in reported morbidity was low for both the years. Decomposition analysis shows that inequalities in reported morbidity are particularly associated with demographic, economic and geographical factors.

Women Entrepreneurship

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), not more than 14% of business establishments are run by female entrepreneurs in India, especially in rural areas. Entrepreneurship is not an easy step for women. It was traditionally considered as a man's bastion, but now with the due course of time, women are coming in the limelight to fulfil their aspiration as it is a fruitful opportunity where educated or illiterates can do wonders to achieve their dreams. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in a way it should have been. With the drastic change in modernization, people are more comfortable to accept the leading role of women in society, with some exceptions.

A SYSTEMS THEORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE QUANTITATIVE INTERPLAY BETWEEN ECONOMETRICS AND EDUCATION.

Income/expenditures, individual expenditures such as education, and performance in schools all relate to systems with defined inputs and outputs and have been formally modeled in accordance with a systems theoretic approach. The Engel’s curves of expenditures on commodities from the Indian National Sample Survey Organization data was hyperbolic limited by a perceived ‘time constant’ associated with commodities while the preferences themselves are ordered hierarchically. School participation (dropouts) as a function of parental income based on available Brazilian data also shows a hierarchical hyperbolic relationship, thereby proving the nature of hierarchy in a naturally ordinal commodity - education. Since the socio-economic influences skew school performance in year-end examinations that demand cramming, retention over the years was tested in a school with a small cross section of 9th grade students uniformly distributed for their previous year’s school grades. The startling finding was that retention was drastically falling with years of schooling towards more recent years, which cannot be detected by the usual school tests, and depends on the subjects as taught. The remedial measures based on a large scale testing and confirmation of results would considerably benefit by a continuation of systems approach.

Spread of Traditional Medicines in India

For the first time, we have a comprehensive database on usage of AYUSH (acronym for Ayurveda, naturopathy and Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) in India at the household level. This article aims at exploring the spread of the traditional medical systems in India and the perceptions of people on the access and effectiveness of these medical systems using this database. The article uses the unit level data purchased from the National Sample Survey Organization, New Delhi. Household is the basic unit of survey and the data are the collective opinion of the household. This survey shows that less than 30% of Indian households use the traditional medical systems. There is also a regional pattern in the usage of particular type of traditional medicine, reflecting the regional aspects of the development of such medical systems. The strong faith in AYUSH is the main reason for its usage; lack of need for AYUSH and lack of awareness about AYUSH are the main reasons for not using it. With regard to source of medicines in the traditional medical systems, home is the main source in the Indian medical system and private sector is the main source in Homeopathy. This shows that there is need for creating awareness and improving access to traditional medical systems in India. By and large, the users of AYUSH are also convinced about the effectiveness of these traditional medicines.

Credit for Agricultural Households in India: Growing Inequities

Why has the share of non-institutional finance sources for agricultural households not come down between 2002 and 2012? Is the dependency on non-institutional sources the same across farm size classes? Who are the major beneficiaries of the revival in agricultural credit in the 2000s? Are larger farmers becoming more productive and commercial thus requiring higher levels of credit? Are small farms becoming unviable, making it difficult for banks to finance them? This paper examines these issues empirically based on data from the Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of Agricultural households and the All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in its 59th (i.e. 2003) and 70th round (i.e. 2013) and various publications from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

National sample survey organization survey report: An estimation of prevalence of mental illness and its association with age in India

ABSTRACT Background: The Indian population suffers with significant burden of mental illness. The prevalence rate and its association with age and other demographic indicators are needed for planning purpose. Objective: This study attempted to calculate age-wise prevalence of mental illness for rural and urban settings, and its association with age. Materials and Methods: Data published in National Sample Survey Organization (2002) report on disability is used for the analysis. Spearman correlation for strength of association, z-test for difference in prevalence, and regression statistics for predicting the prevalence rate of mental illness are used. Result: Overall population have 14.9/1000 prevalence of mental illness. It is higher in rural setting 17.1/1000 than urban 12.7/1000 (P < 0.001). There is a strong correlation found with age in rural (ϱ = 0.910, P = 0.001) and urban (ϱ = 0.940, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Results of this study confirm other epidemiological research in India. Large-population epidemiological studies are recommended.