Urbanization and Carbon Emissions in India and China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Regulations ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
India And China

This article understands, from an empirical perspective, the determinants of carbon emissions, using internationally comparable data, and cross-national regressions for India and China. Next, it explores the relationship between urban land use regulations and carbon emissions in India’s cities. Urbanization has no impact on carbon emissions per capita or per unit of geographical area. Electricity consumption in China and electricity produced from coal in India have a positive effect on carbon emissions. GDP per capita has a positive effect in India and not so in China, but per capita GDP squared has a negative impact on emissions in both the countries. Does this imply that urbanization should be ignored in the two countries? The answer is no, because a city’s urban form, to which policy contributes, is correlated with carbon emissions. More suburbanized cities which sprawl more also emit more carbon. India’s land use regulations relating to building height restrictions are conservative, hence Indian cities sprawl, which lead to carbon emissions. Hence, the focus of urban policy has to be on the development of compact cities. The article concludes with caveats of the data.

scholarly journals Computing climate-smart urban land use with the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 525-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Cremades ◽  
Philipp S. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Complex Features ◽  
Combat Climate Change

Abstract. Cities are fundamental to climate change mitigation, and although there is increasing understanding about the relationship between emissions and urban form, this relationship has not been used to provide planning advice for urban land use so far. Here we present the Integrated Urban Complexity model (IUCm 1.0) that computes “climate-smart urban forms”, which are able to cut emissions related to energy consumption from urban mobility in half. Furthermore, we show the complex features that go beyond the normal debates about urban sprawl vs. compactness. Our results show how to reinforce fractal hierarchies and population density clusters within climate risk constraints to significantly decrease the energy consumption of urban mobility. The new model that we present aims to produce new advice about how cities can combat climate change.

The Moderating Influence of Property Legislation on Planning Policy and Urban Form

Urban Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (16) ◽  
pp. 3479-3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Davies ◽  
Mark Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Land Use Policy ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
High Density ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Density Development

This paper investigates the role that property titling legislation has had on the form of high-density residential development. A conceptual framework is developed for theorising the role of property legislation in moderating the impact of urban land use policy. It is argued that the impact of legislation on urban form is much more significant and direct than is often implied or suggested in reviews of planning policy. It is argued that property legislation has a greater role than simply supporting the implementation of urban planning policy. Property legislation has a moderating influence on policy and provides a barrier to the implementation of urban policy. To support this argument, the paper considers the development and implications of Western Australia’s strata titling legislation for the form of high-density development in that state’s capital city.

Cellular Automata and Fractal Urban Form: A Cellular Modelling Approach to the Evolution of Urban Land-Use Patterns

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1175-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R White ◽  
G Engelen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Type Data ◽  
High Level

Cellular automata belong to a family of discrete, connectionist techniques being used to investigate fundamental principles of dynamics, evolution, and self-organization. In this paper, a cellular automaton is developed to model the spatial structure of urban land use over time. For realistic parameter values, the model produces fractal or bifractal land-use structures for the urbanized area and for each individual land-use type. Data for a set of US cities show that they have very similar fractal dimensions. The cellular approach makes it possible to achieve a high level of spatial detail and realism and to link the results directly to general theories of structural evolution.

The Effect of Urban Land-Use Regulations on Density

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-232
Author(s):  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rent Control ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Land Use Regulations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Household Density

Urban land is crucial to economic productivity and growth in cities, given substantial land intensive economic activity takes place. While land use regulations are needed for inclusive growth and to protect the urban poor, they create distortions in the land market, and become counter-productive. Indian cities are characterized by strong urban land use controls, given its socialistic and planned economy for a long time. Draconian land use regulations that continue to exist in India’s cities are rent control and highly restrictive floor area ratios (FARs). In this chapter, I focus on FARs and rent control to a limited extent. I examine the impact FARs have on population and household density, in the context of the standard urban framework, taking the case of Bengaluru, where ward-level data have been recently put together on FARs. I find in Bengaluru that FARs impact (both population and household) density negatively, consistent with what other studies have found. The Karnataka rent control Act essentially renders the Act ineffective in Bengaluru. In the context of Mumbai, I use anecdotal evidence to examine FAR, where the effects are compounded by the existence of other distortions such as rent control. Based on the findings, the chapter summarizes the policy implications, its caveats, concludes and presents directions for future research.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Urban Land Use Regulations from View of Urban Surface Albedo

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kyakuno ◽  
Masahiro Sotoma ◽  
Hiroshi Miyazaki ◽  
Masakazu Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Albedo ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Land Use Regulations

scholarly journals Land Use Differences Across Socioeconomic Boundaries and Implications for Air Quality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

Multiple social and environmental justice concerns are linked to urban form such as the distribution of socioeconomic class populations, healthcare spending, air pollution exposure, and human mobility. This study used 1m resolved LIDAR data to characterize land use in Salt Lake County, Utah and associate it with sociodemographic and air quality data at the census block group and zip code levels. We found that increasing tree cover was associated with higher per capita income and lower minority populations while increasing built cover was linked to lower per capita income and higher minority populations. Air quality showed less strong correlations, however, decreased non irrigated cover, increased built cover, and higher amounts of households living under poverty was related to higher long-term PM2.5 exposure. Several policy efforts have been undertaken to improve air quality and reduce negative health outcomes in Utah which are being informed by regulatory and research grade air quality sensors.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use Patterns on Carbon Emissions in China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Qiaowen Lin ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Bingkui Qiu ◽  
Yi Zhao ◽  
Chao Wei
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Carbon Emission Intensity ◽  
Per Capita

Nowadays, China is the world’s second largest economy and largest carbon emitter. This paper calculates the carbon emission intensity and the carbon emissions per capita of land use in 30 provinces at the national level in China from 2006 to 2016. A spatial correlation model is used to explore its spatiotemporal features. The results show that (1) China’s land use carbon emissions continued to grow from 2006 to 2016. The spatial heterogeneity of carbon emission intensity of land use initially decreased and then increased during this period. The carbon emission of land use pattern reached a peak in 2015 and the land use carbon emission intensity was relatively lower in east China; (2) southern China accounts for a majority of the total Chinese carbon sink. Better economic structure, land use structure and industrial structure will lead to lower carbon emission intensity of land use; (3) carbon emissions per capita of land use in China are affected not only by land development intensity, urbanization level, and energy consumption structure, but also by the population policy. It is significant to formulate differentiated energy and land use policies according to local conditions. This study not only provides a scientific basis for formulating different carbon emission mitigation policies for the local governments in China, but also provides theoretical reference for other developing countries for sustainable development. It contributes to the better understanding of the land use patterns on carbon emissions in China.

Co-Integration Theory-Based Study on Environmental Kuznets Curve of Land Use Change Carbon Emission in Shenzhen

2013 ◽  
Vol 389 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Ke Mei Hu ◽  
Wei Ling Liu ◽  
Jing Hai Zhu ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Lin Bo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
Shenzhen City ◽  
Per Capita

The carbon emission caused by land use change is a human carbon source only second to fossil fuel combustion, the urbanization process in China is extremely intensified, which carbon emissions effect caused by land use change becomes a key factor to influence China's target of carbon emission reduction. Taken Shenzhen city as a typical case, this study utilizes unit root and co-integration test method to research existence of carbon emissions EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) in Shenzhen on the basis of the carbon emissions EKC theory and land-use carbon emissions data of 1979-2010 years, in combination with the existing research foundation. The result proves that, the carbon emission EKC per capita exists in Shenzhen, and the inflection point time of carbon emissions per capita is also calculated for Shenzhen city, which provides new research ideas and scientific guidance for urban carbon emission reduction in China.

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