Availability, Price, and Affordability of Selected Essential Medicines for Chronic Diseases in 11 Countries of the Asia Pacific Region: A Secondary Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haipeng Wang ◽  
Qiang Sun ◽  
Agnes Vitry ◽  
Tuan Anh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Action

Access to affordable essential medicines for noncommunicable, chronic diseases is critical in management of the diseases. This study aims to assess the availability, prices, and affordability of medicines for common chronic diseases in the Asia Pacific Region (APR). A secondary analysis of medicines price and availability data from the Health Action International’s (HAI) database was undertaken using the standardized WHO/HAI methodology. The median availability of any medicine in the public sector was 35.5% compared with 56.7% in the private sector. Countries paid 1.4 times the International Reference Price to procure lowest-priced generics (LPGs) and 9.1 times for innovator brands (IBs). Patients would have to spend 2.3 and 0.4 day’s wages to purchase one month’s treatment of a chronic disease for IBs and LPGs, respectively in the private sector. These findings highlight the need to increase availability, reduce prices, and improve affordability of the medicines.

scholarly journals YOSHIHIDE SUGA POLICY DALAM MELANJUTKAN ABENOMICS DI KAWASAN ASIA TIMUR DAN TENGGARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ade Priangani
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Public ◽  
Leadership Strategy ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
The Impact

This article describes a problem regarding abenomics made by Shinzo Abe as the basis of Japan's domestic political economy and foreign policy which began in 2012. However, after Shinzo Abe's emergence as PM of Japan and replaced by Yoshihide Suga, Suga continued abenomics with the aim of improving and stabilization of both Japan Domestic and Asia Pacific region, stimulaneously with RCEP which was signed in November 2020. The author takes the concept of Foreign Policy in which Japan improves its leadership strategy in balancing China's influence on the East Asian Region and ASEAN. The assumption of the leadership strategy is that the state has the capability of power but does not engage in conflictualism with other countries, so that it cooperates with a sense of competitiveness of a country. The result of the analysis shows that Japan sees an opportunity with the RCEP. Previously Japan did not focus on RCEP as part of Abenomics but rather on the CPTPP. However, because RCEP can encourage the export of Japanese products or commodities, RCEP is the most important part for Japan in the economy on free economy in Asia Pacific region. However, the challenge from Japan is that China still has a strong influence on ASEAN and RCEP has low trade liberalization. So that India left RCEP because of concerns that India's local products could not compete with other countries, especially China, with products that were cheap and accessible to the public. In addition, ASEAN sees China as no longer a threat because it sees China as a potential market for ASEAN. The impact for Indonesia is to get the maximum benefit from the Sino-Japanese competition, one of which is the joint project of the Jakarta-Bandung Fast Train as an interest of Indonesia which implements a Free Active Foreign Policy.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Sh. Ibzharova ◽  
◽  
G. Koyanbayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Research ◽  
Global Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Cultural Foundations ◽  
State Programs

The article focuses on the trends of higher education in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The authors focused on the aspects of changing the landscape of global education in the direction of the Asia-Pacific region (APR), and also through the prism of cultural foundations presented models of education of the East and West. The uniqueness of the article lies in the analysis of the development of higher education in the Asia- Pacific region based on a review of national and state programs for the development of higher education in the Asia-Pacific countries, reports and strategies of international organizations, and a secondary analysis of the research results of international research funds, centers, projects and individual experts.

scholarly journals Evaluating Price and Availability of Essential Medicines in China: A Mixed Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caijun Yang ◽  
Shuchen Hu ◽  
Dan Ye ◽  
Minghuan Jiang ◽  
Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Medicine Price ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Action

Objectives: To evaluate the price and availability of medicines in China.Methods: A standard methodology developed by WHO and Health Action International was used to collect medicine price and availability data. We obtained cross-sectional data for 48 medicines from 519 facilities (280 public hospitals and 239 private retail pharmacies) in five provinces in China in 2018. We also collected longitudinal data for 31 medicines in Shaanxi Province in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2018. Medicine price was compared with the international reference price to obtain a median price ratio (MPR). The availability and price in five provinces were compared in matched sets. We used general estimating equations to calculate differences in availability and median prices from 2010 to 2018.Findings: Mean availability of surveyed medicines in five provinces was low in both public (4.29–32.87%) and private sectors (13.50–43.75%). The MPR for lowest priced generics (LPGs) was acceptable (1.80–3.02) and for originator brands (OBs) was much higher (9.14–12.65). The variation was significant for both availability and price of medicines across provinces. In Shaanxi Province, the availability of medicines decreased between 2010 and 2018, but this was not significant in the public or private sector. Compared with 2010, the median adjusted patient price was significantly lower in 2018 for nine OBs (difference −22.4%; p = 0.005) and 20 LPGs (−20.5%; p = 0.046) in the public sector and 10 OBs (−10.2%; p = 0.047) in the private sector.Conclusion: Access to medicines was found to be poor and unequal across China in 2018. Future interventions are needed, and possible strategies include effective and efficient procurement, promoting the development of retail pharmacies and increasing medicine price transparency.

scholarly journals Organisation of primary health care in the Asia-Pacific region: developing a prioritised research agenda

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 8) ◽  
pp. e001467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Palagyi ◽  
Rebecca Dodd ◽  
Stephen Jan ◽  
Devaki Nambiar ◽  
Rohina Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Primary Health

Health system planners in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) of the Asia-Pacific region seeking to reorient primary health care (PHC) systems to achieve universal health coverage may be hindered by lack of knowledge of what works in their setting. With limited resources for research available, it is important to identify evidence-based strategies for reorganising PHC delivery, determine where relevant evidence gaps exist and prioritise these for future study. This paper describes an approach for doing this using the best available evidence combined with consultation to establish evidence priorities. We first reviewed PHC organisational interventions in Asia-Pacific LMICs and ascertained evidence gaps. The largest gaps related to interventions to promote access to essential medicines, patient management tools, effective health promotion strategies and service planning and accountability. Evidence from Pacific Island countries was particularly scant. We then engaged an expert panel of 22 PHC stakeholders from seven Asia-Pacific LMICs in a Delphi exercise to identify priority questions for future research. Research priorities were: (1) identifying effective PHC service delivery models for chronic diseases; (2) devising sustainable models of disease integration; (3) optimising task shifting; (4) understanding barriers to care continuity; (5) projecting future PHC needs; and (6) designing appropriate PHC service packages. Notably, stakeholder-determined priorities reflected large, context-dependent system issues, while evidence gaps centred on discrete interventions. Future research on the organisation of PHC services in Asia-Pacific LMICs should incorporate codesign principles to engage researchers and national PHC system stakeholders, and innovative methods that build on existing evidence and account for system complexity.

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